Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Luke D. Trusel Originator: Guy R. Cochrane Originator: Lisa L. Etherington Originator: Ross D. Powell Originator: Larry A. Mayer Publication_Date: 2010 Title: metadata-benthic.txt - Marine Benthic Habitat Mapping of Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: Scientific Investigations Map Issue_Identification: 3122 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3122 Description: Abstract: This data set contains the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS version III June 2008 draft) Benthic Cover Component attributes for the seafloor in Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska. Polygonal areas are deliniated for unconsolidated and rock bottom substrates including associated cover type (Mud, bedrock, etc.) as well as attributes describing benthic depth zone, slope, and rugosity. Purpose: Geologic seafloor substrates are an important defining habitat characteristic of many benthic and demersal organisms and therefore these products are important to scientists and managers to better understand the true ability of Muir Inlet to act as a marine reserve. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 200406 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -136.381293 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -136.055927 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 59.092501 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 58.793645 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: General Theme_Keyword: Benthic habitats Theme_Keyword: Seafloor geology Theme_Keyword: Substrates Theme_Keyword: Glacial sedimentation Theme_Keyword: Glacimarine Theme_Keyword: polygon shapefile Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificinformation Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover Theme_Keyword: inlandWaters Theme_Keyword: oceans Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: General Place_Keyword: East Arm Place_Keyword: Southeast Alaska Place_Keyword: USA Place_Keyword: Marine reserve Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System Place_Keyword: Muir Inlet Place_Keyword: Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve Place_Keyword: Glacier Bay Place_Keyword: Alaska Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as the source ofthis information. Although these data have been used by the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, no warranty expressed or implied is made by the U.S. Geological Survey as to the accuracy of the data. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the U.S. Geological Survey in the use of this data, software, or related materials. This information is not intended for navigational purposes. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Data_Set_Credit: This file is a subset of the original multibeam bathymetric data collected in June 2004 aboard the R/V Maurice Ewing as part of cruise EW0408 to investigate marine paleoclimatic proxies. This work was funded by the National Science Foundation ((NSF# OCE 0351089, to Powell). A Kongsberg Simrad EM-1002 multibeam echosounder was used to collect bathymetric and acoustic backscatter data. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 2; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.2.6.1500 Data_Quality_Information: Logical_Consistency_Report: Polygon topology present. Completeness_Report: Contact authors for information about omissions, selection criteria, generalization, definitions used, and other rules used to derive the data set. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Navigation was recorded by a C-Nav ultra-high resolution differential global positioning system with maximum accuracy of < 0.1 m horizontally and 0.2 m vertically. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Navigation was recorded by a C-Nav ultra-high resolution differential global positioning system with maximum accuracy of < 0.1 m horizontally and 0.2 m vertically. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: The classification of seafloor habitats was performed using a supervised manual classification of seafloor substrate based on multibeam backscatter intensity, two derivative bathymetric properties (seafloor rugosity and slope), and knowledge from the groundtruthing sources. This approach was chosen as the best method based on the CMECS hierarchy that groups hard-flat (e.g. Boulder/Rubble or Pavement) and hard-rugose (e.g. Bedrock) habitats in the rock bottom class, and hard-flat (Cobble/Gravel or Shell) and soft-flat habitats (e.g. Mud) in the unconsolidated bottom class. Therefore, this classification could not be reliably completed with a supervised maximum likelihood classification method (cf. Cochrane 2008) because of the inability without extensive groundtruthing to create confident statistical signatures that discern hard-flat substrate in both rock bottom and unconsolidated bottom CMECS classes. Multibeam backscatter data were smoothed to reduce noise and artifacts in the data using a 3 x 3 neighborhood filter to average cells. This filtered backscatter grid was reclassified into two induration (seafloor hardness) classes. A relatively high backscatter reflectance value was chosen such that areas known to be bedrock were classified as rock bottom and areas known to be mud were classified as unconsolidated bottom. Two derivative properties from the multibeam bathymetry data were used to further classify substrate. Seafloor rugosity was calculated using the methods of Jenness (2003) as implemented in the Benthic Terrain Modeler software (Wright and others, 2003). Rugosity is a dimensionless measure of seafloor roughness, or its actual surface area divided by its planar area. Therefore, a completely flat surface has a rugosity of exactly 1. In general, a higher rugosity is characteristic of rough rock bottom substrate. Likewise, lower rugosity is characteristic of flat, less complex soft bottom substrate. The second derivative bathymetric measurement was seafloor slope. Because of sediment instability on steep slopes, areas with very high slope are often consolidated glacial material or bedrock whereas low sloping areas are the loci of soft sediment deposition and redeposition from slope failures and sediment gravity flows from fjord walls. Rugosity and slope rasters were both reclassified according to CMECS (Madden et al. 2008). Rugosity is a qualitative measurement that is dependent on the resolution of bathymetry, that is, a rugosity value obtained with 5 m2 resolution will be different for the same area using 10 m2 bathymetry data. Therefore, rugosity classes may be altered in specific applications to better represent the data (e.g. Greene and others, 2007). We chose to modify the CMECS classes to better represent variability within our rugosity measurements: Rugosity reclass: 1-1.1 --> Very Low 1.1-1.2 --> Low 1.2-1.3 --> Moderate 1.3-1.4 --> High >1.4 --> Very High Slope reclass: 0-5 deg --> Flat 5-30 deg --> Sloping 30-45 --> Steeply Sloping 45-90 --> Vertical >90 --> Overhang Reclassified rasters of induration, rugosity, and slope were converted to polygons and merged into one shapefile using the ArcView 'union' function, allowing for selection of polygonal areas based on specific attributes. Areas of vertical slope and very high rugosity (defined by CMECS) classified as unconsolidated bottom were investigated, and if supported by geological reasoning and ancillary information, these areas were changed to rock bottom. Likewise, areas classified as rock bottom because of high backscatter but with a flat slope and very low rugosity, such as the nadir area, were investigated and changed to unconsolidated bottom if reasonable. Multiple iterations of these steps at different values of rugosity and slope were completed at very fine-scale levels taking into account all available information. The result of this process is the CMECS abiotic class-level substrate map with unconsolidated bottom [UB] and rock bottom [RB]. Further classification was completed in the Benthic Cover Component down to the subclass level. Here, unconsolidated bottom was divided into mud [UB.3], mixed sediments [UB.6], and cobble / gravel [UB.1]. Rock bottom was further divided into bedrock [RB.1] and boulder / rubble [RB.3]. Considering the extreme predominance of glacimarine sedimentation in Muir Inlet, and information from groundtruthing revealing substrates dominated by mud (silt and clay) for all basin floor areas, the unconsolidated bottom class was first characterized as entirely mud. We assume most areas in Muir Inlet are covered with at least a draping of mud. Lacking abundant physical samples or imagery of any soft bottom material other than mud, geological reasoning was used to classify other unconsolidated bottom subclasses. Numerous side-input fluvial sources enter Muir Inlet and often manifest in fjord-edge deltas. Transport channels on the delta slopes are evident in the backscatter as having a higher intensity relative to the surrounding cover. We assume most of these deltaic sources transport sand-sized particles into the fjord although samples are lacking for many locations, and thus these areas were all classified using the CMECS mixed sediments subclass. One area in lower Muir Inlet with a very high relative backscatter on the delta slope of an active glacial runoff stream was classified as cobble / gravel because of the evidence of a high and active modern river discharge. In subclassifying the rock bottom class, all areas were initially assumed to be bedrock. Bedrock areas were groundtruthed using seismic reflection data, underwater dive observations from previous research (Stone and others, 2005) and by observing transitions of subaerially exposed steep bedrock cliffs into the submarine environment. Areas of apparent submarine talus were defined through high detail analyses and were classified as boulder / rubble. Most commonly, boulder / rubble exists at the base of submarine bedrock cliffs and is characterized by a lower slope than the bedrock, very high backscatter intensity, and a lobate, splay geometry. These are inferred to form from rock falls and slides that originate both above and below water. Cochrane, G.R., 2008, Video-supervised classification of sonar data for mapping seafloor habitat, in Reynolds, J.R., and Greene, H.G., eds., Marine Habitat Mapping Technology for Alaska: Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks, p. 185-194. Greene, H.G., Yoklavich, M.M., Starr, R., O'Connell, V.M., Wakefield, W.W., Sullivan, D.L. MacRea, J.E. and Cailliet, G.M., 1999, A classification scheme for deep-water seafloor habitats: Oceanographica Acta, v. 22, no. 6, p. 663-678. Jenness, J., 2003, Raster surface areas: Surfaces area and ratios from elevation rasters electronic manual. Jenness Enterprises, ArcView Extensions. [available at URL http://www.jennessnet.com/arcview/arcview_extensions.htm]. Madden, C.J., Goodin, K.L., Allee, R., Finkbeiner, M., and Bamford, D.E., 2008, Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard: NOAA and NatureServe, 77 pp. Stone, R.P., Mondragon, J., and Andrews, A.G., 2005, Deepwater emergence of Red Tree Coral (Primnoa sp.) in Glacier Bay, Alaska: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Deep-Sea Corals Science and Management Programs and Abstract Book, p. 221. Wright, D. J., Lundblad, E.R., Larkin, E.M., Rinehart, R.W., Murphy, J., Cary-Kothera, L., and Draganov. K., 2005, ArcGIS Benthic Terrain Modeler, Corvallis, Oregon, Oregon State University, Davey Jones Locker Seafloor Mapping/Marine GIS Laboratory and NOAA Coastal Services Center [Available at URL http://www.csc.noaa.gov/products/btm/]. Process_Date: 2008 through 2009 Process_Step: Process_Description: Dataset copied. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: C:\GIS\muir_hab\polygons\benthic_cover_component Process_Date: 2008 through 2009 Process_Step: Process_Description: Dataset copied. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: C:\GIS\usgs_work\muir_habitats\benthic_cover_component Process_Date: 2008 through 2009 Process_Step: Process_Description: Dataset copied. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: C:\GIS\usgs_work\muir_habitats\temp_backup\benthic_cover_component Process_Date: 2008 through 2009 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: G-polygon Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 20091 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 8 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -135.000000 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000 False_Easting: 500000.000000 False_Northing: 0.000000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 0.000001 Ordinate_Resolution: 0.000001 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: benthic_cover_component Entity_Type_Definition: Contact authors for the description of the entity type. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Contact authors for the authority of the definition. Attribute: Attribute_Label: FID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: DEPTH_ID: Numerical value for CMECS benthic depth zone attribute (circalittoral = 3; circalittoral (offshore) = 4; mesobenthic = 5) DEPTH_NAME: CMECS benthic depth zone attribute names SYSTEM_ID: CMECS system attribute ID (ES = Estuarine) SUBSYS_ID: CMECS subsystem attribute ID (2 = subtidal) COVER_ID: CMECS cover type attribute (a = abiotic) SUBCLASS: CMECS subclass attribute names CLASS_ID: CMECS class attribute ID (UB = unconsolidated bottom; RB = rock bottom) COMMENTS: comments about polygon regarding criteria used in classification process SBCLASS_ID: CMECS subclass attribute ID to be used in combination with CLASS_ID (1 = bedrock (if CLASS_ID = RB); 3 = boulder/rubble (if CLASS_ID = RB); 1 = cobble/gravel (if CLASS_ID = UB); 3 = Mud (if CLASS_ID = UB); 6 = mixed sediments (if CLASS_ID = UB) HABITAT_ID: concatenation of SYSTEM_ID, SUBSYS_ID, CLASS_ID, and SBCLASS_ID to define CMECS habitat types RUGOSITY_ID: CMECS rugosity attribute ID (A = very low; B = low; C = moderate; D = high; E = very high) SLOPE_ID: CMECS slope attribute ID (1 = flat; 2 = sloping; 3 = steeply sloping; 4 = vertical) SYSTEM: CMECS system attribute names CLASS: CMECS class attribute names SUBSYSTEM: CMECS subsystem attribute names RUGOSITY: CMECS rugosity attribute names SLOPE: CMECS slope attribute names SUBCLASS_1: Nomenclature adapted from CMECS version III (June 2008 draft) (Madden and others, 2008). HABITAT_ID is a concatenation of SYSTEM_ID, SUBSYS_ID, CLASS_ID, and SBCLASS_ID. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: Madden, C.J., Goodin, K.L., Allee, R., Finkbeiner, M., and Bamford, D.E., 2008, Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard: NOAA and NatureServe, 77 pp. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Contact_Person: Information Services Associate Contact_Position: Information Services Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: USGS, Box 25286 City: Denver State_or_Province: C0 Postal_Code: 80225 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Resource_Description: Downloadable data and Map-on-Demand Distribution_Liability: Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as the source of this information. Although these data have been used by the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, no warranty expressed or implied is made by the U.S. Geological Survey as to the accuracy of the data. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the U.S. Geological Survey in the use of this data, software, or related materials. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: SHP Format_Version_Number: 9.2 Format_Specification: ESRI shapefile Format_Information_Content: The SHP file contains the geospatial data. The SHX file contains the index of the geospatial data. The DBF file contains the attribute data in dBASE format. The PRJ file contains the coordinate system information (optional). The AVL file contains the legend information (optional). The SBN and SBX files contain the spatial index of the geospatial data (optional). The XML file contains the metadata describing the data set .shp.xml. File_Decompression_Technique: zip Transfer_Size: 5.386 Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3122/ Fees: none Technical_Prerequisites: These data are available in Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) shapefile format. The user must have ArcGIS� or ArcView� 3.0 or greater software to read and process the data file. In lieu of ArcView or ArcGIS, the user may utilize another GIS application package capable of the importing data. A free data viewer, arcexplorer, capable of displaying the data is available from ESRI at www.esri.com. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 20090306 Metadata_Review_Date: 20090225 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: United States Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP) Contact_Person: Guy R. Cochrane Contact_Position: Geophysicist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: USGS, 400 Natural Bridges Drive City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060-5792 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (831) 427-4754 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (831) 427-4748 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: gcochrane@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata ("CSDGM version 2") Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Access_Constraints: none