Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Timothy O. Hodson Originator: Guy R. Cochrane Originator: Ross D. Powell Publication_Date: 2013 Title: surface_geology shapefile in Marine Benthic Habitat Mapping of the West Arm, Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: Scientific Investigations Map Issue_Identification: SIM 3253 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Larger_Work_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Timothy O. Hodson Originator: Guy R. Cochrane Originator: Ross D. Powell Publication_Date: 2013 Title: Marine Benthic Habitat Mapping of the West Arm, Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: map Series_Information: Series_Name: Scientific Investigations Map Issue_Identification: SIM 3253 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3253/ Description: Abstract: This data set contains the Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS version III June 2009 draft) surface geology attributes for the seafloor in the West Arm, Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, Alaska. Polygonal areas are deliniated for surface geology of varying scale. Purpose: Seafloor geomorphology shape the seascape, channelize energy flow, regulate bioenergietics, and control transfer of energy, material and organisms (Madden et al. 2009). Madden, C. J., K. Goodin, R.J. Allee, G. Cicchetti, C. Moses, M. Finkbeiner, D. Bamford, 2009. Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard. NOAA and NatureServe. 107 pp. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 201009 Currentness_Reference: ground condition Status: Progress: Complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -137.127671 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -136.226536 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 59.058873 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 58.670272 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: General Theme_Keyword: seafloor geology Theme_Keyword: substrates Theme_Keyword: glacial sedimentation Theme_Keyword: polygon shapefile Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: GCMD SCIENCE PARAMETERS Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > BIOSPHERE > AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS > BENTHIC HABITAT Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > LAND SURFACE > GEOMORPHOLOGY Theme_Keyword: EARTH SCIENCE > OCEANS > MARINE SEDIMENTS > SEDIMENTATION > PROXIMAL GLACIMARINE Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificinformation Theme_Keyword: imageryBaseMapsEarthCover Theme_Keyword: inlandWaters Theme_Keyword: oceans Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: General Place_Keyword: West Arm Place_Keyword: Southeast Alaska Place_Keyword: USA Place_Keyword: Marine reserve Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Geographic Names Information System Place_Keyword: Tarr Inlet Place_Keyword: Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve Place_Keyword: Glacier Bay Place_Keyword: Alaska Access_Constraints: None Use_Constraints: Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as the source ofthis information. Although these data have been used by the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, no warranty expressed or implied is made by the U.S. Geological Survey as to the accuracy of the data. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the U.S. Geological Survey in the use of this data, software, or related materials. This information is not intended for navigational purposes. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Browse_Graphic: Browse_Graphic_File_Name: Browse_Graphic_File_Description: general location map Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG Data_Set_Credit: Ground-truthing operations were conducted aboard the R/V Stellar in late August and early June of 2010. USGS sea floor observations, collected via towed video sled, provided the primary ground-truthing source for this study (The cruise report is available online at http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/s/st310gb/html/s-t3-10-gb.meta.html). Funding for this benthic habitat study was provided by the National Park Service. Timothy Hodson and Ross D. Powell acknowledge the support of this project and generation of this report by the National Park Service, Department of Interior grant # P2380100663. Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 3; ESRI ArcGIS 10.0.0.2414 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Refer to accompanying SIM pamphlet or contact authors for an explanation of the accuracy of the identification of the entities and assignments of values in the data set and a description of the tests used. Logical_Consistency_Report: Polygon topology present. Completeness_Report: Refer to accompanying SIM pamphlet or contact authors for information about omissions, selection criteria, generalization, definitions used, and other rules used to derive the data set. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Navigation was recorded by a C-Nav ultra-high resolution differential global positioning system with maximum accuracy of < 0.1 m horizontally and 0.2 m vertically. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Navigation was recorded by a C-Nav ultra-high resolution differential global positioning system with maximum accuracy of < 0.1 m horizontally and 0.2 m vertically. Lineage: Process_Step: Process_Description: The classification of sea floor habitats was performed using a supervised manual classification of sea floor substrate based on knowledge from ground-truthing sources (Figure 2), and two derivative bathymetric properties (sea floor rugosity (Figure 3) and slope (Figure 4)). Multibeam backscatter supplemented the primary data sets in locations where surficial geology was ambiguous. However, due to the low quality of the backscatter in the West Arm, we were unable to replicate the approach employed in Muir Inlet, where backscatter intensity was used to infer substrate distribution (see Trusel and others, 2010). Instead, our approach relies heavily on ground-truthed data collected during this study and previous NOS cruises. Sea floor rugosity (Figure 3) was calculated using IVS 3D Fledermaus. Rugosity is a dimensionless measure of sea floor roughness, or its actual surface area divided by its planar area. Therefore, a completely flat surface has a rugosity of exactly 1. In general, a higher rugosity is characteristic of rough substrates such as rocky areas. Likewise, lower rugosity is characteristic of flat, less complex soft bottom substrates. The second derivative bathymetric measurement is sea floor slope (Figure 4). Because of sediment instability on steep slopes, areas with very high slope are often consolidated glacial material or bedrock whereas low sloping areas are the loci of soft sediment deposition and redeposition from slope failures and sediment gravity flows from fjord walls. Rugosity and slope rasters were both reclassified into groups according to CMECS such that areas with similar rugosity or slope are combined into classes (Figure 3 and Figure 4). Rugosity is a somewhat qualitative measurement that is biased based on the resolution of the bathymetry, that is, a rugosity value obtained with 16m2 resolution will be different for the same area using 5 m2 bathymetry data. Therefore, rugosity classes may be altered in specific applications to better represent the data ( Greene and others, 2007). We chose to modify the CMECS classes to better represent variability within our rugosity measurements - > >Rugosity reclass: > 1-1.1 --> Very Low > 1.1-1.2 --> Low > 1.2-1.3 --> Moderate > 1.3-1.4 --> High > >1.4 --> Very High > >Slope reclass: > 0-5 deg --> Flat > 5-30 deg --> Sloping > 30-45 --> Steeply Sloping > 45-90 --> Vertical > >90 --> Overhang > Further classification was completed in the Surficial Geology Component down to the subclass level. Here, unconsolidated bottom was divided into mud, sand, mixed sediments, and cobble / gravel. Rock bottom was further divided into bedrock and boulder / rubble. Considering the extreme predominance of glacimarine sedimentation in the West Arm, and ground-truthing that confirmed substrates dominated by mud (silt and clay) for all basin floor areas, the unconsolidated bottom class was first characterized as entirely mud. We assume most areas in the West Arm are veiled in mud, an inference supported by ground-truthing data. Lacking abundant physical samples or imagery of any soft-bottom sediment other than mud, geological reasoning was used to classify other unconsolidated bottom subclasses. Numerous side-input fluvial sources enter the West Arm and often manifest in fjord-edge deltas. Transport channels on the delta slopes are evident in the backscatter as having a higher intensity relative to the surrounding cover. Based on knowledge from other deltaic systems in the Bay, we assume most deltaic sources transport sand-sized particles into the fjord. Thus, although samples are lacking for many locations in the study, these areas were typically classified using the CMECS sand subclass. Notable exceptions to this 'rule of thumb' include Johns Hopkins and Tidal Inlets where the steep topography introduces larger clasts into the deltaic environment. Such areas were classified as either cobble / gravel or unclassified soft-bottom depending on the availability of ground-truthed observations. The sand subclass was also applied to active morainal banks. In this environment, the turbidity of the water column limited the effectiveness of video observation. While processes such as debris dumping, and sediment gravity flows contribute coarser sediments near the terminus, studies of temperate glacimarine environments (Cai, 1994; Hunter, 1994) suggest that the morainal core still falls within the CMECS definition of the sand subclass. In subclassifying the rock bottom class, all areas were initially assumed to be bedrock. Bedrock areas were ground-truthed using sea floor observations (this study), seismic reflection data (Cai and others, 1994), or by observing transitions of subaerially exposed steep bedrock cliffs into the submarine environment. Areas of apparent submarine talus were identified through fine scale investigation and classified as boulder / rubble (Figure 5). Most commonly, boulder / rubble exists at the base of submarine bedrock cliffs and is characterized by a lower slope than the bedrock, and a lobate, splay geometry. These are inferred to form from rock falls and slides that originate both above and below sea level. Cai, J. 1994, Sediment yields, lithofacies architecture, and mudrock characteristics in glacimarine environments. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL. Greene, H.G., Yoklavich, M.M., Starr, R., O'Connell, V.M., Wakefield, W.W., Sullivan, D.L. MacRea, J.E. and Cailliet, G.M., 1999, A classification scheme for deep-water seafloor habitats: Oceanographica Acta, v. 22, no. 6, p. 663-678. Hunter, L.E., 1994, Grounding-line systems and glacier mass balance of modern temperate glaciers and their effect on glacier stability. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL. Madden, C.J., Goodin, K.L., Allee, R., Finkbeiner, M., and Bamford, D.E., 2009, Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard: NOAA and NatureServe, 77 pp. Trusel, L.D. Cochrane, G.R., Etherington, L.L., Powell, R.D., Mayer, L.A., 2010, Marine benthic habitat mapping of Muir Inlet, Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3122, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington D.C. Process_Date: 2010 through 2011 Process_Step: Process_Description: Dataset copied. Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: C:\GIS\WA_habitats\surf_geology_component Process_Date: 2010 through 2011 Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector Point_and_Vector_Object_Information: SDTS_Terms_Description: SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: G-polygon Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Grid_Coordinate_System: Grid_Coordinate_System_Name: Universal Transverse Mercator Universal_Transverse_Mercator: UTM_Zone_Number: 8 Transverse_Mercator: Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -135.000000 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000 False_Easting: 500000.000000 False_Northing: 0.000000 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: coordinate pair Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 0.000001 Ordinate_Resolution: 0.000001 Planar_Distance_Units: meters Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_WGS_1984 Ellipsoid_Name: WGS_1984 Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: benthic_cover_component Entity_Type_Definition: Contact authors for the description of the entity type. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Contact authors for the authority of the definition. Attribute: Attribute_Label: FID Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Attribute: Attribute_Label: Shape Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry. Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI Attribute_Domain_Values: Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features. Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: Refer to accompanying SIM pamphlet or contact authors for complete description of the following attributes and their values in the data set. > >DEPTH_ID: Numerical value for CMECS benthic depth zone attribute (circalittoral = 3; circalittoral (offshore) = 4; mesobenthic = 5) > >DEPTH_NAME: CMECS benthic depth zone attribute names > >SYSTEM_ID: CMECS system attribute ID (ES = Estuarine) > >SUBSYS_ID: CMECS subsystem attribute ID (2 = subtidal) > >SUBCLASS: CMECS subclass attribute names > >CLASS_ID: CMECS class attribute ID (UB = unconsolidated bottom; RB = rock bottom) > >COMMENTS: comments about polygon regarding criteria used in classification process > >SBCLASS_ID: CMECS subclass attribute ID to be used in combination with CLASS_ID (0 = unknown, 1 = bedrock (if CLASS_ID = RB); 3 = boulder/rubble (if CLASS_ID = RB); 1 = cobble/gravel (if CLASS_ID = UB); 3 = Mud (if CLASS_ID = UB); 6 = mixed sediments (if CLASS_ID = UB) > >HABITAT_ID: concatenation of SYSTEM_ID, SUBSYS_ID, CLASS_ID, and SBCLASS_ID to define CMECS habitat types > >SYSTEM: CMECS system attribute names > >CLASS: CMECS class attribute names > >SUBSYSTEM: CMECS subsystem attribute names > >SUBCLASS_1: CMECS subclass attribute names > >Nomenclature adapted from CMECS version III (June 2009 draft) (Madden and others, 2009). >HABITAT_ID is a concatenation of SYSTEM_ID, SUBSYS_ID, CLASS_ID, and SBCLASS_ID. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: Madden, C.J., Goodin, K.L., Allee, R., Finkbeiner, M., and Bamford, D.E., 2008, Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard: NOAA and NatureServe, 77 pp. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Contact_Person: Information Services Associate Contact_Position: Information Services Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: USGS, Box 25286 City: Denver State_or_Province: C0 Postal_Code: 80225 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Resource_Description: Downloadable data and Map-on-Demand Distribution_Liability: Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as the source of this information. Although these data have been used by the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, no warranty expressed or implied is made by the U.S. Geological Survey as to the accuracy of the data. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the U.S. Geological Survey in the use of this data, software, or related materials. Standard_Order_Process: Digital_Form: Digital_Transfer_Information: Format_Name: SHP Format_Version_Number: 10.0 Format_Specification: ESRI shapefile Format_Information_Content: The SHP file contains the geospatial data. The SHX file contains the index of the geospatial data. The DBF file contains the attribute data in dBASE format. The PRJ file contains the coordinate system information (optional). The AVL file contains the legend information (optional). The SBN and SBX files contain the spatial index of the geospatial data (optional). The XML file contains the metadata describing the data set .shp.xml. File_Decompression_Technique: zip Digital_Transfer_Option: Online_Option: Computer_Contact_Information: Network_Address: Network_Resource_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3253/ Fees: none Technical_Prerequisites: These data are available in Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) shapefile format. The user must have ArcGIS or ArcView 3.0 or greater software to read and process the data file. In lieu of ArcView or ArcGIS, the user may utilize another GIS application package capable of the importing data. A free data viewer, arcexplorer, capable of displaying the data is available from ESRI at www.esri.com. Metadata_Reference_Information: Metadata_Date: 2013306 Metadata_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: United States Geological Survey (USGS) Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP) Contact_Person: Guy R. Cochrane Contact_Position: Geophysicist Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing and physical address Address: USGS, 400 Natural Bridges Drive City: Santa Cruz State_or_Province: CA Postal_Code: 95060-5792 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: (831) 427-4754 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (831) 427-4748 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: gcochrane@usgs.gov Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata ("CSDGM version 2") Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998 Metadata_Access_Constraints: none