Metadata: Identification_Information: Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Soller, D.R. Originator: Price, S.D. Publication_Date: 2018 Title: Map of Quaternary sediment thickness, sheet 1 in Quaternary sediment thickness and bedrock topography of the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3392, 2 sheets, scale 1:5,000,000. Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: United States Geological Survey Online_Linkage: https://doi.org/10.3133/sim3392 Description: Abstract: Beginning roughly 2.6 million years ago, global climate entered a cooling phase known as the Pleistocene Epoch. As snow in northern latitudes compacted into ice several kilometers thick, it flowed as glaciers southward across the North American continent. These glaciers extended across the northern United States, dramatically altering the landscape they covered. East of the Rocky Mountains, the ice coalesced into continental glaciers (called the Laurentide Ice Sheet) that at times blanketed much of the north-central and northeastern United States. To the west of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, glaciers formed in the mountains of western Canada and the United States and coalesced into the Cordilleran ice sheet; this relatively smaller ice mass extended into the conterminous United States in the northernmost areas of western Montana, Idaho, and Washington. Throughout the Pleistocene, landscape alteration occurred by (1) glacial erosion of the rocks and sediments; (2) redeposition of the eroded earth materials in a form substantially different from their source rocks, in terms of texture and overall character; and (3) disruption of preexisting drainage patterns by the newly deposited sediments. In many cases, pre-glacial drainage systems (including, for example, the Mississippi River) were rerouted because their older drainage courses became blocked with glacial sediment. The continental glaciers advanced and retreated many times across those areas. During each ice advance, or glaciation, erosion and deposition occurred, and the landscape was again altered. Through successive glaciations, the landscape and the bedrock surface gradually came to resemble their present configurations. As continental ice sheets receded and the Pleistocene ended, erosion and deposition of sediment (for example in stream valleys) continued to shape the landscape up to the present day (albeit to a lesser extent than during glaciation). The interval of time since the last recession of the glaciers is called the Holocene and, together with the Pleistocene, constitutes the Quaternary Period of geologic time; this publication characterizes the three-dimensional geometry of the Quaternary sediments and the bedrock surface that lies beneath. Horberg and Anderson (1956) compiled, from preexisting maps and well data, the first synoptic view of bedrock topography in the glaciated central United States (from New York to the Dakotas), using a 250-foot (ft) isopach (thickness) contour interval. A more detailed map showing the thickness and character of the continental glacial deposits east of the Rocky Mountains (printed in four sections as Soller, 1993, 1994, 1997, and 1998) was later compiled using similar data and methods. That map was then published in Geographic Information System (GIS) format (Soller, Packard, and Garrity, 2012).The isopach lines of Quaternary sediment thickness in those published GIS files were used as the basis for deriving the digital, gridded data and maps of sediment thickness and bedrock topography included in this publication. Isopach maps contain information only along the lines (vectors), and information between lines can only be inferred. In contrast, maps in raster format possess a unique value (e.g., elevation or thickness) at every location on the map. Using source maps in raster format, a map of the buried bedrock topographic surface can be created by subtracting from the land surface topography the thickness of the sediment overlying the bedrock. Therefore, the Quaternary sediment thickness information from Soller's publications was converted from vector to raster format and processed into a bedrock topographic map as described below. Purpose: The Quaternary sediment thickness map and bedrock topographic map in this publication provide a regional overview and are intended to supplement the more detailed work on which they are based. Detailed mapping is particularly useful in populated areas for site-specific planning. In contrast, regional maps such as these serve to place local, detailed mapping in context; to permit the extrapolation of data into unmapped areas; and to depict large-scale regional geologic features and patterns that are beyond the scope of local, detailed mapping. They also can enhance the reader’s general understanding of the region’s landscape and geologic history and provide a source of information for regional decision making that could benefit by improved predictability of bedrock depth beneath the unconsolidated Quaternary sediments. To enable these maps to be analyzed in conjunction with other types of information, this publication also includes the map data in GIS compatible format. Supplemental_Information: A description of the glacial geologic history, a summary of factors affecting glacial and post-glacial sediment texture and distribution, and a listing of map sources are provided in USGS Bulletin 1921 (Soller, 1992). The principal source for data for this bedrock topography map was derived from Soller (1993, 1994, 1997, 1998) and Soller, Packard, and Garrity (2012); see the list of these publications at https://go.usa.gov/xnys4. Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Range_of_Dates/Times: Beginning_Date: Unknown Ending_Date: 1987 Currentness_Reference: 1987 Status: Progress: complete Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: none planned Spatial_Domain: Bounding_Coordinates: West_Bounding_Coordinate: -113.064043341 East_Bounding_Coordinate: -66.022762901 North_Bounding_Coordinate: 50.116885435 South_Bounding_Coordinate: 33.587459022 Keywords: Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category Theme_Keyword: geoscientificInformation Theme_Keyword: elevation Theme: Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Theme_Keyword: Bedrock Theme_Keyword: Topography Theme_Keyword: Raster Theme_Keyword: Geology Theme_Keyword: Surficial Theme_Keyword: Quaternary Theme_Keyword: Glacial Theme_Keyword: Sediment Theme_Keyword: Wisconsinan Theme_Keyword: Pleistocene Theme_Keyword: Holocene Theme_Keyword: Unconsolidated Theme_Keyword: Texture Theme_Keyword: Thickness Place: Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: none Place_Keyword: Connecticut Place_Keyword: Illinois Place_Keyword: Indiana Place_Keyword: Iowa Place_Keyword: Kansas Place_Keyword: Kentucky Place_Keyword: Lake Erie Place_Keyword: Lake Huron Place_Keyword: Lake Michigan Place_Keyword: Lake Ontario Place_Keyword: Lake Superior Place_Keyword: Maine Place_Keyword: Massachusetts Place_Keyword: Michigan Place_Keyword: Minnesota Place_Keyword: Missouri Place_Keyword: Montana Place_Keyword: Nebraska Place_Keyword: New Hampshire Place_Keyword: New Jersey Place_Keyword: New York Place_Keyword: North Dakota Place_Keyword: Ohio Place_Keyword: Ontario Place_Keyword: Pennsylvania Place_Keyword: Rhode Island Place_Keyword: South Dakota Place_Keyword: Vermont Place_Keyword: Wisconsin Access_Constraints: none Use_Constraints: This digital publication was prepared by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, make any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this report, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. Although all data published in this Data Series have been used by the USGS, no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the U.S. Geological Survey as to the accuracy of the data and related materials and (or) the functioning of the software. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data, software, or related materials. Graphical map depictions are intended to be used within the map scale limits applicable to the source data. Although software enables the user to view data at various scales, the user is cautioned to refer to the source documentation for the appropriate map scale limitations. Point_of_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: David Soller Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Project Chief, National Geologic Map Database Contact_Address: Address_Type: physical address Address: 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Address: MS 908 City: Reston State_or_Province: VA Postal_Code: 20192 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703-648-6907 Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: 703-648-6907 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 703-648-6977 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: drsoller@usgs.gov Hours_of_Service: 9:00AM - 6:00PM Contact_Instructions: Preferred contact method is electronic mail. Data_Set_Credit: Isopach contours for the thickness of Quaternary sediments are from Soller, Packard, and Garrity (2012, http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/656/). Data processing to rasterize the contour lines was done by Soller and Susan D. Price (USGS). Security_Information: Security_Classification_System: None Security_Classification: Unclassified Security_Handling_Description: None Native_Data_Set_Environment: Microsoft Windows XP Version 5.1 (Build 2600) Service Pack 3; ESRI ArcCatalog 10.3.1.0000 Data_Quality_Information: Attribute_Accuracy: Attribute_Accuracy_Report: Accuracy was evaluated by comparison with (vector) source information. The source geologic data were compiled prior to 1987. Therefore, newer map information could alter some information shown on this map. Reliability of source map information varies by State and is addressed in USGS Bulletin 1921, "Text and references to accompany 'Map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains'" (Soller, 1992). The map is intended for use at the scale of the source map compilation (1:1,000,000). Logical_Consistency_Report: No formal tests for logical accuracy were conducted. Completeness_Report: Data set complete. No data were intentionally omitted from the sources. Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Positional accuracy in this derivative map is similar to that of the source map. Reliability of mapping across the region was not consistent (see Soller, 1992). The uniform nature of the grid cells should not be taken to imply a consistent level of accuracy across the map area. Quantitative_Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Assessment: Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Value: 500 Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Explanation: No formal tests for horizontal accuracy were conducted. Vertical_Positional_Accuracy: Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: The vertical accuracy is dependent on the density of geologic information available during compilation of the source map. In general, the thicker the Quaternary sediments, the less accurate the measure of sediment thickness and depth to bedrock. Further, gridded data (as opposed to vector data) should not be taken to imply a uniform level of accuracy across the map area. Lineage: Source_Information: Source_Citation: Citation_Information: Originator: Soller, D.R. Originator: Packard, P.H. Originator: Garrity, C.P. Publication_Date: 2012 Publication_Time: Unknown Title: Database for USGS Map I-1970 - map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains Edition: 1.0 Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data Series_Information: Series_Name: Data Series Issue_Identification: DS-656 Publication_Information: Publication_Place: Reston, VA Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/656 Source_Scale_Denominator: 1000000 Type_of_Source_Media: online Source_Time_Period_of_Content: Time_Period_Information: Single_Date/Time: Calendar_Date: 2012 Source_Currentness_Reference: publication date Source_Citation_Abbreviation: Soller, Packard, and Garrity (2012) Source_Contribution: The vector Quaternary sediment thickness data that served as the basis for this dataset. Process_Step: Process_Description: Although the source map shows sediment thickness beneath most submerged areas, certain areas (notably the northern half of Lake Michigan) were not mapped. Using a bathymetric map and a general understanding of the bedrock geology in those areas, for the purposes of this study we extrapolated sediment thickness contour lines into the previously unmapped areas. Those contour data then were added to Soller's Quaternary sediment thickness map. That map then was converted to raster (gridded) format, matching the grid spacing and projection of the land surface topographic map. The goal was to produce a Quaternary sediment thickness map in raster format that is as similar as possible to the pattern of information on the original, vector map of sediment thickness. Conversion to raster format can be a complex task, especially where contour lines are irregularly spaced. Such was the case with this source map, because Quaternary sediment thickness can vary greatly across small distances (resulting in closely-spaced contours), and can appear to be uniform in thickness (if the deposits lie between a single contour interval). The latter was especially true for areas of thick sediment, because the contour interval was greater for thicker deposits than for thinner deposits. [The source map’s sediment thickness contours were 0', 50', 100', 200', 400', 600', 800', 1000', and 1200'. Also, the source map included a contact between areas of continuous and discontinuous till cover - that contact was assigned a thickness value of 5 feet, and those contacts were added to the data set.] Further challenges to successful data conversion are raised by the computer algorithms employed to rasterize a vector map. Algorithms that use, for example, kriging, splining, or inverse-distance-weighting each can produce distinctly different results depending on the nature of the source data and the parameters selected. Due to the nature of our map data, which in many places is similar in configuration to topographic contours, we found that the ESRI Arc TopoGrid command produced results superior to other gridding options in Arc and to those offered by software packages specializing in three-dimensional rendering of geologic surfaces. All isopach contours were converted to point data (densified to 500 meters) and processed with TopoGrid. The raster map then was compared to the vector map, and locations were identified where the source map's pattern of thickness information was not adequately reproduced. In those areas, additional representative data points were added to permit the algorithm to interpolate more precisely, and to produce a more faithful copy of the original vector map. Through many iterations, an acceptable raster map of glacial sediment thickness was produced. Process_Date: 2017 Process_Contact: Contact_Information: Contact_Person_Primary: Contact_Person: David Soller Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Position: Project Chief, National Geologic Map Database Contact_Address: Address_Type: physical address Address: 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Address: MS 908 City: Reston State_or_Province: VA Postal_Code: 20192 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703-648-6907 Contact_TDD/TTY_Telephone: 703-648-6907 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 703-648-6977 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: drsoller@usgs.gov Hours_of_Service: 9:00AM - 6:00PM Contact_Instructions: Preferred contact method is electronic mail. Spatial_Data_Organization_Information: Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster Raster_Object_Information: Raster_Object_Type: Grid Cell Row_Count: 3094 Column_Count: 7026 Spatial_Reference_Information: Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition: Planar: Map_Projection: Map_Projection_Name: Clarke 1866 Albers Albers_Conical_Equal_Area: Standard_Parallel: 29.5 Standard_Parallel: 45.5 Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -96.0 Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 23.0 False_Easting: 0.0 False_Northing: 0.0 Planar_Coordinate_Information: Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column Coordinate_Representation: Abscissa_Resolution: 500.0 Ordinate_Resolution: 500.0 Planar_Distance_Units: Meter Geodetic_Model: Horizontal_Datum_Name: D_Clarke_1866 Ellipsoid_Name: Clarke_1866 Semi-major_Axis: 6378206.4 Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 294.9786982 Entity_and_Attribute_Information: Detailed_Description: Entity_Type: Entity_Type_Label: Attribute Table Entity_Type_Definition: Attribute information associated with each raster cell. Entity_Type_Definition_Source: DS-656 Attribute: Attribute_Label: Value Attribute_Definition: Thickness (in feet) of all Quaternary-age, unconsolidated sediments overlying bedrock. Attribute_Definition_Source: DS-656 Attribute_Domain_Values: Range_Domain: Range_Domain_Minimum: 0 Range_Domain_Maximum: 1777 Overview_Description: Entity_and_Attribute_Overview: An overview of the Quaternary materials, and compilation of the source map is provided in USGS Bulletin 1921 (Soller, 1992), which includes extended descriptions of the geologic map units, a summary of factors affecting sediment texture and distribution, and a listing of map sources for the compilation of this map. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: Horberg, Leland, and Anderson, R.C., 1956, Bedrock topography and Pleistocene glacial lobes in central United States: Journal of Geology, v. 64, Number 2, p. 101-116. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: Soller, D.R., 1992, Text and references to accompany "Map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains": U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1921, 54 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds38/b1921.html. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: Soller, D.R., 1993, Map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains--Northeastern States, the Great Lakes, and parts of southern Ontario and the Atlantic offshore area (east of 80 degrees 31 minutes west longitude): U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1970-A, scale 1:1,000,000, http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_10047.htm. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: Soller, D.R., 1994, Map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains--Northern Plains States (west of 102 degrees west longitude): U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1970-D, scale 1:1,000,000, http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_10048.htm. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: Soller, D.R., 1997, Map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains--Northern and Central Plains States (90 degrees to 102 degrees west longitude): U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1970-C, scale 1:1,000,000, http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13020.htm. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: Soller, D.R., 1998, Map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains--Northern Great Lakes States and central Mississippi Valley States, the Great Lakes, and southern Ontario (80 degrees 31 minutes to 93 degrees west): U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1970-B, scale 1:1,000,000, http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_13019. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: Soller, D.R., 2001, Map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1970-E, scale 1:3,500,000, http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_52177.htm. Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: Soller, D.R., Packard, P.H., and Garrity, C.P., 2012, Database for USGS Map I-1970 -- map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series DS-656, http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/656/. Distribution_Information: Distributor: Contact_Information: Contact_Organization_Primary: Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey Contact_Address: Address_Type: mailing address Address: Publishing Service Center 15XXX Address: MS 902 Box 25046 Address: Denver Federal Center City: Denver State_or_Province: Colorado Postal_Code: 80255-0046 Country: USA Contact_Voice_Telephone: 703-648-6907 Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 703-648-6907 Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: drsoller@usgs.gov Resource_Description: Map of Quaternary sediment thickness, sheet 1 in Quaternary sediment thickness and bedrock topography of the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map 3392, 2 sheets, scale 1:5,000,000. Distribution_Liability: Although this digital spatial database has been subjected to review and is substantially complete, it is released on the condition that neither the USGS nor the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any employees thereof, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this report, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference therein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark,manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. Any views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. 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