U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5194
Pesticides Detected in Urban Streams in King County, Washington, 1998-2003
Prepared in cooperation with the
King County Department of Natural Resources
By L.M. FransONLINE ONLY
Download the report (PDF, 3.78 MB)
Table of Contents
Effect of Storms on Pesticide Detections
Figures
Figure 1. Location of sites sampled for pesticides and pesticide transforma...
Figure 2. Percentage of samples with detections of pesticides in urban stre...
Figure 3. Number of compounds detected for each class of pesticides at samp...
Figure 4. Percentage of each class of pesticides detected at sampling sites...
Figure 5. Maximum concentrations of pesticides and pesticide transformation...
Figure 6. Percentage of samples with pesticide detections in urban streams ...
Tables
Table 1. Sites sampled for pesticides and pesticide transformation products...
Table 2. Analytes and laboratory reporting levels for pesticides analyzed a...
Table 3. Analytes and quantitation limits for pesticides analyzed at the Wa...
Table 4. Concentrations and precision data for replicate samples with detec...
Table 5. Pesticides and pesticide transformation products detected in water...
Table 6. Concentrations of pesticides and pesticide transformation products...
Abstract
The U.S. Geological Survey and the King County Department of Natural Resources collected water samples from 14 sites on urban streams in King County during storms and during base flow between 1998 and 2003. The samples were analyzed for the presence of 155 pesticides and pesticide transformation products.
Thirty-nine of the compounds were detected at least once during the study: 20 herbicides, 9 insecticides, 2 fungicides, 6 pesticide transformation products, and 2 other types of compounds. The most widespread compound was 4-nitrophenol, which was detected at all 14 sampling sites. The most frequently detected compound was pentachlorophenol, a fungicide, which occurred in more than 80 percent of the samples. The most frequently detected herbicides were prometon, trichlopyr, 2,4-D, and MCPP, and the most frequently detected insecticides were diazinon and carbaryl. All of the most frequently detected herbicides and insecticides were sold for homeowner use over the timeframe of this study.
More compounds were detected during storms than during base flow, and were detected more frequently and typically at high concentrations during storms. Seven compounds were detected only during storms. Most of the compounds that were detected during storms occurred more frequently during spring storms than during autumn storms.
Introduction
A wide variety of pesticides are applied each year to urban and suburban residential areas in King County, Washington. In order to assess the occurrence and distribution of these pesticides and their transformation products, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the King County Department of Natural Resources collected water samples at 14 sites on streams in the Lake Washington drainage basin in King County between 1998 and 2003 (fig. 1 and table 1). The water samples were analyzed for 155 pesticides and pesticide transformation products (hereafter referred to as pesticides) at three laboratories using three different methods.
Twelve of the sampling sites were small streams that drain generally urban areas, and one site (site 14) was a small stream running out of an urban area with potential agricultural runoff sources. The last site (site 2, Rock Creek) was in a non-urban forested area and was used as a reference site.
The purpose of this report is to describe the types and concentrations of pesticides detected at each sampling site, the effects of storms and base flow on the distribution and concentration of pesticides at the sites, and the potential sources of the pesticides present.
Site No.
(see fig. 1 for
location)USGS station No. Site name 1 12113499 Taylor Creek 2 12117695 Rock Creek 3 12119600 May Creek 4 12119990 Kelsey Creek 5 12120480 Juanita Creek 6 12121600 Issaquah Creek 7 12121750 Lewis Creek 8 12124500 Bear Creek 9 12125500 Little Bear Creek 10 12126200 North Creek 11 12127000 Swamp Creek 12 12127290 Lyon Creek at 178th 13 12127300 Lyon Creek at Lake Forest Park 14 474243122083001 Unnamed Creek @ 124th Methods
Water samples for the pesticide analysis were collected at the sampling sites and processed at three laboratories between 1998 and 2003.
Sample Collection and Processing
Samples were collected by either manual sampling or an automated sampler (autosampler). Manual samples were collected using a US DH-81 sampler, as described by Wilde and others (1999a), except at the irrigation return, where the sample bottle was dipped directly into the flow. The samplers can hold either a 1- or 3-liter Teflon® sample bottle, and all parts of the sampler coming into contact with sample water were made of Teflon®. Samples were collected using the equal-width-increment (EWI) method, in which a transect was established across the width of the creek. Water was collected at about 10 equally spaced intervals along the transect by lowering and raising the sampler vertically through the water column. The collected water from each interval then was composited into a glass carboy. Autosamplers were installed to sample runoff during the storms from 2000 to 2003 and were triggered during a rainstorm when the level of the creek rose. When the autosampler was triggered, the water sample was collected from a single point in the midpoint of the stream through a Teflon® tube into a glass carboy (Isco, Inc., 1992). Water in the streams was well mixed at the sampling point.
Except for the autosampler, all equipment used to collect and process samples was cleaned with a 0.2-percent nonphosphate detergent, rinsed with deionized water, rinsed with pesticide-grade methanol, air-dried, wrapped in aluminum foil, and stored in a dust-free environment prior to sample collection (Wilde and others, 1999b). All of the autosampler parts that contacted the sample were washed in detergent, soaked in sulfuric acid for 24 hours, rinsed with deionized water, and stored in plastic bags. All bottles used to collect stream water were rinsed thoroughly with the stream water before sample collection and processing.
The samples in the glass carboys were split using a Teflon® cone splitter into individual samples for analysis at the USGS National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) in Lakewood, Colorado, the USGS Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory (OGRL) in Lawrence, Kansas (2002 and 2003 samples only), and the Washington State Department of Ecology Manchester Environmental Laboratory in Manchester, Washington, (Wilde and others, 1999c). Samples were processed within 24 hours of collection. The equipment and procedures used to collect and process samples are described by Wilde and others (1999a, 1999c). Samples collected for analysis by the USGS laboratories were filtered through a 0.7-micrometer pore-size, baked glass-fiber filter into baked amber-glass bottles and shipped on ice within 24 hours of filtration. Samples for analysis by the Manchester Environmental Laboratory were collected from the cone splitter in clear glass bottles, but were not filtered. They were stored on ice and transported to the laboratory within 24 hours of processing.
Laboratory Procedures
The samples were analyzed for 155 pesticides and pesticide transformation products (hereafter referred to as pesticides) by the three laboratories. At the NWQL, known quantities of surrogate compounds were added to each water sample and then passed through a solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge to extract pesticide compounds. The SPE cartridge was packed with porous silica coated with a carbon-18 organic phase. Pesticides retained on the SPE cartridges were eluted with a hexane-isopropanol mixture, which was analyzed for 52 pesticides using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with selected ion monitoring (Zaugg and others, 1995, and Madsen and others, 2003) (table 2). Fipronil and its transformation products were added to the analyte list in autumn 2002, so those compounds were analyzed for only in the final sample at Little Bear Creek, North Creek, and the irrigation return, as well as all samples from May, Kelsey, and Taylor Creeks.
At the OGRL, the samples were derivatized (converted to another chemical compound for identification) with 9-fluorenyl-methylchloroformate, passed through an SPE cartridge, and analyzed for three pesticides (table 2) using high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) (Lee and others, 2002).
[Trade or common name(s): Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. Type of pesticide: H, herbicide; I, insecticide; T, transformation product. –, no trade or common name or registry number; µg/L, microgram per liter]
Pesticide target
analyteTrade or common
name(s)Type of
pesticideChemical
Abstracts
Service
registry No.Laboratory
reporting
level (µg/L)National Water Quality Laboratory Acetochlor Acenit, Sacenid H 34256-82-1 0.006 Alachlor Lasso H 15972-60-8 .005 Atrazine AAtrex H 1912-24-9 .007 Azinphos-methyl1 Guthion I 86-50-0 .050 Benfluralin Balan, Benefin H 1861-40-1 .010 Butylate Sutan +, Genate Plus H 2008-41-5 .004 Carbaryl1 Sevin, Savit I 63-25-2 .041 Carbofuran1 Furadan I 1563-66-2 .020 Chlorpyrifos Lorsban I 2921-88-2 .005 Cyanazine Bladex H 21725-46-2 .018 DCPA Dacthal H 1861-32-1 .003 4,4'-DDE – T 72-55-9 .003 Desethylatrazine1 – T 6190-65-4 .006 Desulfinylfipronil2 – T – .012 Desulfinylfipronil- amide2 – T – .029 Diazinon Several I 333-41-5 .005 Dieldrin Panoram D-31 I 60-57-1 .009 2,6-Diethylanaline – T 579-66-8 .006 Disulfoton Di-Syston I 298-04-4 .021 EPTC Eptam, Eradicane H 759-94-4 .004 Ethalfluralin Sonalan, Curbit EC H 55283-68-6 .009 Ethoprophos Mocap I 13194-48-4 .005 Fipronil2 Regent I 120068-37-3 .016 Fipronil sulfide2 – T 120067-83-6 .013 Fipronil sulfone2 – T 120068-36-2 .024 Fonofos Dyfonate I 944-22-9 .003 alpha-HCH – I 319-84-6 .005 gamma-HCH Lindane I 58-89-9 .004 Linuron Lorox, Linex H 330-55-2 .035 Malathion Several I 121-75-5 .027 Methyl parathion Penncap-M I 298-00-0 .015 Metolachlor Dual, Pennant H 51218-45-2 .013 Metribuzin Lexone, Sencor H 21087-64-9 .006 Molinate Ordram H 2212-67-1 .003 Napropamide Devrinol H 15299-99-7 .007 Parathion Several I 56-38-2 .010 Pebulate Tillam H 1114-71-2 .004 Pendimethalin Prowl, Stomp H 40487-42-1 .022 cis-Permethrin Ambush, Pounce I 54774-45-7 .006 Phorate Thimet, Rampart I 298-02-2 .011 Prometon Pramitol H 1610-18-0 .005 Propyzamide Kerb H 23950-58-5 .004 Propachlor Ramrod H 1918-16-7 .025 Propanil Stampede H 709-98-8 .011 Propargite Comite, Omite I 2312-35-8 .023 Simazine Aquazine, Princep H 122-34-9 .005 Tebuthiuron Spike H 34014-18-1 .016 Terbacil1 Sinbar H 5902-51-2 .034 Terbufos Counter I 13071-79-9 .017 Thiobencarb Bolero H 28249-77-6 .010 Triallate Far-Go H 2303-17-5 .002 Trifluralin Treflan, Trilin H 1582-09-8 .009 Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory Aminomethyl-phosphonic acid – T 1066-51-9 0.1 Glufosinate Finale, Liberty H 77182-82-2 .1 Glyphosate Roundup H 1071-83-6 .1 1Concentrations for these pesticides are qualitatively identified and reported with a J code (estimated value). J codes are used to signify estimated values for all detections that are less than the method detection limit, greater than the highest calibration standard, or otherwise less reliable than average because of sample-specific or compound-specific considerations. All J-coded data are considered to be reliable detections, but with greater than average uncertainty in quantification.
2These compounds were added to the method in autumn 2002.
At the Manchester Environmental Laboratory, pesticides present in the whole-water samples were extracted using methylene chloride and analyzed for 141 targeted pesticides (table 3) using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Method 8085, which uses capillary-column GC analysis with an atomic emission detector (AED) and ion-trap GC/MS confirmation (Norman Olson, Manchester Environmental Laboratory, written commun., 1999). This method also permitted detection of several non-target compounds on certain occasions. During 2001, a portion of the water from Bear and Issaquah Creeks was filtered at the laboratory to provide a comparison of filtered and unfiltered analyses. Some pesticides were analyzed by both NWQL and Manchester Environmental Laboratory.
[Trade or common name(s): Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. Quantitation limit: Limits are approximate and often are different for each sample; these values are representative of a typical sample. Type of Pesticide: F, fungicide; H, herbicide; I, insecticide; T, transformation product; O, other. µg/L, microgram per liter; –, none available]
Pesticide target
analyteTrade or common
name(s)Type of
pesticideChemical
Abstracts
Service
registry No.Quantitation
limit (µg/L)Acifluorfen-sodium Blazer H 62476-59-9 0.17 Alachlor Lasso H 15972-60-8 .26 Aldrin – I 309-00-2 .035 Ametryn Evik, Gesapax H 834-12-8 .071 Atraton – H 1610-17-9 .21 Atrazine AAtrex H 1912-24-9 .071 Azinphos-methyl Guthion I 86-50-0 .12 Azinphos ethyl Gusathion A I 2642-71-9 .12 Benfluralin Balan, Benefin H 1861-40-1 .11 Bentazon Basagran H 25057-89-0 .063 Bromacil Hyvar, Woprovar H 314-40-9 .28 Bromoxynil Bromanil, Emblem H 1689-84-5 .042 Butachlor Butanox, Machete H 23184-66-9 .25 2-Butoxy-ethanol phosphate1 – O 78-51-3 – Butylate Sutan +, Genate Plus H 2008-41-5 .14 Caffeine1 – O 58-08-2 – Captafol Difolatan, Foltaf F 2425-06-1 .21 Captan Orthocide F 133-06-2 .14 Carbophenothion Trithion I 786-19-6 .80 Carboxin Vitavax F 5234-68-4 .78 cis-Chlordane Terminator I 5103-71-9 .035 trans-Chlordane Terminator I 5103-74-2 .035 alpha-Chlordene – I 56534-02-2 .043 gamma-Chlordene – I 56641-38-4 .035 Chlorothalonil Daconil, Bravo F 1897-45-6 .17 Chlorpropham Taterpex, Sprout Nip H 101-21-3 .28 Chlorpyrifos Lorsban I 2921-88-2 .055 Coumaphos Agridip I 56-72-4 .090 Cyanazine Bladex H 21725-46-2 .11 Cycloate Sabet H 1134-23-2 .14 2,4-D Weed-B-Gon, Weedone H 94-75-7 .042 2,4-DB Venceweed, Butoxone H 94-82-6 .050 DCPA Dacthal H 1861-32-1 .033 2,4'-DDD TDE I 53-19-0 .035 2,4'-DDE – T 3424-82-6 .035 4,4'-DDD TDE I 72-54-8 .035 4,4'-DDE – T 72-55-9 .035 DDMU – T 1022-22-6 .035 2,4'-DDT DDT I 789-02-6 .035 4,4'-DDT DDT I 50-29-3 .035 Demeton-O – I 298-03-3 .055 Demeton-S – I 126-75-0 .060 Di-allate – H 2303-16-4 .27 Diazinon Several I 333-41-5 .06 Dicamba Banvel H 1918-00-9 .042 Dichlobenil Barrier, Casoron H 1194-65-6 .16 2,6-Dichlorobenzamide1 – T 2008-58-4 – 3,5-Dichlorobenzoic Acid – H 51-36-5 .042 Dichlorprop 2,4-DP, Seritox 50 H 120-36-5 .046 Dichlorvos DDVP I 62-73-7 .060 Dicofol Kelthane I 115-32-2 .17 Diclofop-methyl Hoelon H 51338-27-3 .063 Dieldrin Panoram D-31 I 60-57-1 .035 Dimethoate Trounce, Roxion I 60-51-5 .060 Dinoseb DNBP H 88-85-7 .063 Dioxathion – I 78-34-2 .12 Diphenamid – H 957-51-7 .21 Disulfoton Di-Syston I 298-04-4 .045 Diuron Karmex, Direx H 330-54-1 .48 Endosulfan I Several I 959-98-8 .035 Endosulfan II Several I 33213-65-9 .035 Endosulfan sulfate – T 1031-07-8 .035 Endrin Hexadrin I 72-20-8 .035 Endrin aldehyde – T 7421-93-4 .035 Endrin ketone – T 53494-70-5 .035 EPN – I 2104-64-5 .075 EPTC Eptam, Eradicane H 759-94-4 .14 Ethalfluralin Sonalan, Curbit EC H 55283-68-6 .11 Ethion Ethiosul I 563-12-2 .055 Ethofumesate1 Nortron, Tramat H 26225-79-6 – Ethoprophos Mocap I 13194-48-4 .060 Fenamiphos Nemacur I 22224-92-6 .12 Fenarimol Rubigan F 60168-88-9 .21 Fenitrothion Fenitox, Rothion I 122-14-5 .055 Fensulfothion – I 115-90-2 .075 Fenthion Baytex I 55-38-9 .055 Fluridone Sonar H 59756-60-4 .13 Fonofos – I 944-22-9 .045 alpha-HCH – T 319-84-6 .035 beta-HCH – I 319-85-7 .035 delta-HCH – I 319-86-8 .035 gamma-HCH Lindane I 58-89-9 .035 Heptachlor Fennotox I 76-44-8 .035 Heptachlor Epoxide – T 1024-57-3 .035 Hexazinone Velpar H 51235-04-2 .11 Ioxynil Certrol H H 1689-83-4 .042 Malathion several I 121-75-5 .060 MCPA Metaxon, Kilsem H 94-74-6 .083 MCPP Mecoprop H 93-65-2 .083 Merphos (1 & 2) Folex H 150-50-5 .12 Metalaxyl Apron F 57837-19-1 .48 Methoxychlor Marlate I 72-43-5 .035 Methyl chlorpyrifos Reldan I 5598-13-0 .050 Methyl paraoxon – T 950-35-6 .15 Methyl parathion Penncap-M I 298-00-0 .055 Metolachlor Dual, Pennant H 51218-45-2 .28 Metribuzin Lexone, Sencor H 21087-64-9 .071 Mevinphos Phosdrin I 7786-34-7 .075 MGK264 – I 113-48-4 .50 Mirex – I 2385-85-5 .035 Molinate Ordram H 2212-67-1 .14 Napropamide Devrinol H 15299-99-7 .21 4-Nitrophenol – T 100-02-7 .073 cis-Nonachlor – I 5103-73-1 .035 trans-Nonachlor – I 39765-80-5 .035 Norflurazon Evital, Solicam H 27314-13-2 .14 Oxadiazon1 Ronstar, Order H 19666-30-9 – Oxychlordane – T 27304-13-8 .035 Oxyfluorfen Goal H 42874-03-3 .28 Parathion several I 56-38-2 .06 Pebulate Tillam H 1114-71-2 .14 Pendimethalin Prowl, Stomp H 40487-42-1 .11 Pentachlorophenol PCP, Penta F 87-86-5 .021 Phorate Thimet, Rampart I 298-02-2 .055 Phosmet Imidan I 732-11-6 .080 Phosphamidon Dixon I 13171-21-6 .18 Picloram Tordon H 1918-02-1 .042 Profluralin – H 26399-36-0 .17 Prometon Pramitol H 1610-18-0 .071 Prometryn Caparol, Gesagard H 7287-19-6 .071 Propyzamide Kerb H 23950-58-5 .28 Propachlor Ramrod H 1918-16-7 .17 Propazine Prozinex H 139-40-2 .071 Propetamphos Safrotin I 31218-83-4 .15 Ronnel Fenclorphos I 299-84-3 .055 Simazine Gesatop, Princep H 122-34-9 .072 Sulfotep Bladafum I 3689-24-5 .045 Sulprofos Bolstar I 35400-43-2 .055 2,4,5-T – H 93-76-5 .033 2,4,5-TB – H 93-80-1 .038 2,4,5-TP Silvex H 93-72-1 .033 Tebuthiuron Spike H 34014-18-1 .11 Temephos Abate I 3383-96-8 .70 Terbacil Sinbar H 5902-51-2 .21 Terbutryn Ternit H 886-50-0 .071 2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorophenol Dowicide 6 F 4901-51-3 .023 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol Dowicide 6 F 58-90-2 .023 Tetrachlorvinphos Gardona I 961-11-5 .15 Triadimefon Bayleton F 43121-43-3 .18 Triallate Far-Go H 2303-17-5 .18 Tribufos DEF H 78-48-8 .11 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol Dowicide 2 F 95-95-4 .025 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol Dowicide 2S F 88-06-2 .025 Triclopyr Garlon, Grazon H 55335-06-3 .035 Trifluralin Treflan, Trilin H 1582-09-8 .11 Vernolate – H 1929-77-7 .14 1Non-target analyte.
Results of Quality–Control Assessment
During the study, one equipment blank, five field blanks, and one replicate were analyzed in conjunction with environmental samples to assess bias and analytical variability. Field and equipment blanks were prepared with organic-grade water obtained from the NWQL. The blanks and replicate were subjected to all the same sample handling and processing as the environmental samples.
Pesticides were not detected in the field or equipment blanks. Concentration differences in the set of replicate samples ranged from 0.88 to 4.0 percent, as measured by relative percentage of difference, for samples analyzed by the NWQL and between 0.0 and 47.8 percent for samples analyzed by the Manchester Laboratory (table 4). The percentage of differences seem high for certain compounds, but the concentrations are very low, so even small differences in detectable concentrations can lead to large percentage of differences. Modifications were not made to the data set on the basis of these results.
Quality-control procedures for the NWQL and Manchester Environmental Laboratory included the use of laboratory reagent blanks, spikes, surrogates, internal standards, and calibration as described by Huntamer and others (1992) and by Pritt and Raese (1995).
Table 4. Concentrations and precision data for replicate samples with detections.
[Relative percentage of difference: Calculated as the difference between the two concentrations divided by the mean. J, estimated. µg/L, microgram per liter]
Pesticide Concentration
in replicates
(µg/L)Relative percentage
of differenceU.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory analyses Simazine 1.03
1.002.9 Prometon .114
.113.88 Diazinon .194
.2024.0 Carbaryl .121J
.118J2.5 Washington Department of Ecology
Manchester Environmental Laboratory analyses2,4-D 0.34
.365.7 4-Nitrophenol .1J
.065J42.4 2,6-Dichlorobenzamide .086J
.14J47.8 Diazinon .16
.1137.0 Dicamba .027J
.02J29.8 Dichlobenil .24
.1828.6 Dichlorprop .032J
.032J.0 MCPP .57
.545.4 Pentachlorophenol .1
.1.0 Simazine .25
.1738.1 Trichlopyr .18
.18.0 Pesticide Detections
Thirty-nine pesticides and pesticide transformation products were detected in water samples from the urban streams (table 5) (table 6, at back of report). Of the 39 analytes detected, 20 were herbicides, 9 were insecticides, 2 were fungicides, 6 were pesticide transformation products (4-nitrophenol is a transformation product of methyl parathion, 2,6-dichlorobenzamide is a transformation product of diclobenil, aminomethylphosphonic acid is a transformation product of glyphosate, desethylatrazine is a transformation product of atrazine, 4,4'-DDE is a transformation product of 4,4'-DDT, and desulfinylfipronil amide is a transformation product of fipronil), and 2 were other types of compounds (caffeine and 2-butoxy-ethanol phosphate). However, not all compounds that were detected (table 5) were analyzed for in all samples because of changes in the analytical target lists (the addition of glyphosate, fipronil, and their transformation products) or because some of the detected compounds were non-target analytes. Therefore, for the remainder of this report, only those compounds that were analyzed for at all sites are presented in comparisons of detections between sites and the rates of compound detections. Additionally, the filtered and unfiltered results are combined, so a particular compound was counted as only one detection if it was detected in both the filtered and unfiltered samples.
The most widespread compound was 4-nitrophenol, which was detected at all sampling sites (table 5), but was detected in less than one-half the samples collected (fig. 2). The fungicide pentachlorophenol was the most frequently detected compound, and was detected in more than 80 percent of the samples and at all sites except at the forested Rock Creek reference site (site 2). The herbicides prometon, trichlopyr, 2,4-D, and MCPP were present in more than 70 percent of the samples collected and also were the most widespread herbicides, as they were detected at all sites except Rock Creek. Diazinon and carbaryl were the most widespread insecticides and were detected in 12 and 10 of the streams, respectively. They also were the most frequently detected insecticides, present in more than 60 and 30 percent of samples, respectively.
The largest number of compounds at detectable concentrations, 25, was in samples from Juanita Creek (site 5), followed by 22 in samples from the Unnamed Creek (site 14) and 21 in samples from Lyon Creek at 178th (site 12). Only two compounds were detected at the Rock Creek reference site (fig. 3). One or two fungicides and transformation products were detected at all streams except Rock Creek, where fungicides were not detected. Two to three insecticides were detected at most sites; however, five or more insecticides were detected in Juanita Creek, Lyon Creek at 178th, and the Unnamed Creek. Insecticides were not detected in Taylor (site 1) and Rock Creeks. Of the classes of compounds analyzed, the detections of herbicides varied the most among sites, ranging from one at Rock Creek to 15 at Juanita Creek. Between 6 and 12 herbicides were detected at most sites. Herbicides typically make up more than 60 percent of the compounds detected in each stream (fig. 4).
[Sample site: na, not analyzed; ×, detected; –, not detected]
Pesticide Sample site Unnamed Creek (site 14) Juanita Creek (site 5) Little Bear Creek (site 9) Lyon Creek at 178th (site 12) Lyon Creek at Lake Forest Park (site 13) North Creek (site 10) Lewis Creek (site 7) Kelsey Creek (site 4) Bear Creek (site 8) Issaquah Creek (site 6) Swamp Creek (site 11) May Creek (site 3) Taylor Creek (site 1) Rock Creek (site 2) 4-Nitrophenol × × × × × × × × × × × × × × 2,4-D × × × × × × × × × × × × × – MCPP × × × × × × × × × × × × × – Pentachlorophenol × × × × × × × × × × × × × – Prometon × × × × × × × × × × × × × – Trichlopyr × × × × × × × × × × × × × – Diazinon × × × × × × × × × × × × – – Dicamba × × × × × × × × – – – × × × Dichlobenil × × × × × × × × × × × – – – Atrazine × × × × × × × – × × × – – – Carbaryl × × × × × × – × × × – × – – MCPA × × × × × – × × – × × – × – Simazine × × × × × × × – × – × – – – Malathion × × × × – × × – × – × – – – 2,6-Dichlorobenzamide × × × × na × × na × na na na na na Diuron × × × × – – – – × × – – – – Glyphosate × na × na na × na × na na na × × na Chlorpyrifos × × – × × – × – – – – – – – Metolachlor × × – – – – – × – – – × × – Trifluralin × × – – × – – × – × – – – – Desethylatrazine – – × – × – × – × – – – – – Dichlorprop × × × × – – – – – – – – – – Tebuthiuron × – × – × × – – – – – – – – Aminomethylphosphonic acid × – × na na – na × na na na na na na Bromacil – × × – × – – – – – – – – – Caffeine × na × na na × na na na na na na na na 4,4'-DDD – × – × – – – – – – – – – – 4,4'-DDE – × – × – – – – – – – – – – 4,4'-DDT – × – × – – – – – – – – – – EPTC – × – – – – × – – – – – – – Napropamide – – × × – – – – – – – – – – 2-butoxy-ethanol phosphate na na na na na na na na na × na na na na Carbofuran na na na na na na na – – – – – – – Desulfinylfipronil amide na na na na na na na × na na na – – na Ethofumesate × na na na na na na na na na na na na na Fipronil na na na na na na na × na na na na na na gamma-HCH – × – – – – – – – – – – – – Metalaxyl × – – – – – – – – – – – – – Oxadiazon × na na na na na na na na na na na na na
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Effect of Storms on Pesticide Detections
More compounds were detected during storms than during base flow, and they were detected more frequently and typically at high concentrations (fig. 5). Seven of the compounds were detected only during storms and two were detected only during base flow. All other compounds were detected under both conditions. For most compounds, the percentage of samples with detections also was higher during storms than during base flow. This is likely due to the increased flushing of the pesticides into the streams during storm events.
Eighteen of 28 compounds that were detected during storms occurred more frequently during spring storms than during autumn storms (fig. 6), and six of the compounds were not detected during autumn storms at all. This pattern of detection likely reflects the timing of pesticide application, because most pesticides are applied more often in the spring as homeowners begin working in their yards.
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Potential Pesticide Sources
Residential use of pesticides is a possible major source for the most frequently detected compounds in the urban streams. Homeowners typically use pesticides for lawn and shrub care and for insect control around their property. For example, dichlobenil is a commonly used herbicide for weed control around woody shrubs and trees, and the popular insecticide diazinon is used to control ants, aphids, beetles, and other insects. Six of the seven most frequently detected pesticides (2,4-D, diazinon, dichlobenil, MCPP, prometon, and triclopyr) are currently sold for residential use or, in the case of diazinon, were just recently banned (Voss and Embrey, 2000, and Phillip Dickey, Washington Toxics Coalition, written commun., 2004). The other most frequently detected pesticide, pentachlorophenol, likely does not originate from residential application. Pentachlorophenol is a common wood preservative that is used in pressure treatment of wood for uses such as utility poles and railroad ties. Several other pesticides that were detected (carbaryl, dicamba, glyphosate, malathion, MCPA, EPTC) also are sold in King County home and garden stores, and thus are available for residential use (Voss and Embrey, 2000, and Phillip Dickey, Washington Toxics Coalition, written commun., 2004). Although their sale is now banned for homeowner use, chlorpyrifos, which was detected at five sites, was available for retail sale until 2001 and diazinon was available until 2003. Carbaryl sales increased substantially in 2002 as a replacement insecticide for chlorpyrifos and diazinon (Phillip Dickey, Washington Toxics Coalition, written commun., 2004). As a result of the phase out of chlorpyrifos and diazinon, their rates of detection likely will decrease in the future as homeowners use up any remaining stock that they have.
It is difficult to distinguish which of the pesticides detected in Unnamed Creek samples (site 14) are the result of urban application and which are the result of agricultural application because the irrigation-return water contains both urban and agricultural sources of water. The turf farm withdraws water from the Sammamish River for irrigation use and returns the water through a small stream that runs out of an urban area and then feeds into a ditch. However, of the four compounds detected only in the Unnamed Creek sample (ethofumesate, oxadiazon, carbofuran, and metalaxyl), none of them has recorded retail sales in King County and they are most often associated with agricultural applications.
Summary
The U.S. Geological Survey and the King County Department of Natural Resources assessed the occurrence and distribution in urban streams in King County, Washington, of pesticides applied in urban and suburban residential areas. Water samples collected between 1998 and 2003 from 13 sites on urban streams and 1 reference site on a stream in a forested area were analyzed for the presence of 155 pesticides and pesticide transformation products during storms and during base flow.
Samples were collected by either manual sampling or an automated sampler and were analyzed at the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water Quality Laboratory and Organic Geochemistry Research Laboratory and the Washington State Department of Ecology Manchester Environmental Laboratory.
Of the 155 compounds analyzed for, 39 were detected at least once during the study. Twenty of the compounds were herbicides, nine were insecticides, two were fungicides, six were transformation products, and two were other types of compounds. Only 4-nitrophenol was detected at all 14 sampling sites. Pentachlorophenol, a fungicide, was the most frequently detected compound, occurring in more than 80 percent of the samples. The most frequently detected herbicides were prometon, trichlopyr, 2,4-D, and MCPP, and the most frequently detected insecticides were diazinon and carbaryl. All of the most frequently detected herbicides and insecticides were sold for homeowner use over the timeframe of this study.
More compounds were detected during storms than during base flow, and seven compounds were detected only during storm events. Compounds also were detected more frequently and typically at high concentrations during storms. Most of the compounds that were detected during storms occurred more frequently during spring storms than during autumn storms.
Residential use of pesticides by homeowners is a possible major source for the most frequently detected compounds in the urban streams. Four compounds that were detected only in samples from the site on an irrigation return are most often associated with agricultural applications rather than residential use.
References Cited
Huntamer, D., Carrell, B., Olson, N., and Solberg, K., 1992, Washington State pesticide monitoring project, final laboratory report: Manchester, WA, Washington State Department of Ecology, Environmental Investigations and Laboratory Services Programs, Manchester Environmental Laboratory, 23 p.
Isco, Inc., 1992, 3700 portable sampler instruction manual, Revision D: Lincoln, Nebr., Isco, Inc., variously paged.
Lee, E.A., Strahan, A.P., and Thurman, E.M., 2002, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey Organic Geochemistry Research Group—Determination of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid, and glufosinate in water using online solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 01-454, 13 p.
Madsen, J.E., Sandstrom, M.W., and Zaugg, S.D., 2003, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory—A method supplement for the determination of fipronil and degradates in water by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-462, 11 p.
Pritt, J.W., and Raese, J.W., 1995, Quality assurance/quality control manual, National Water Quality Laboratory: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-443, 35 p.
Voss, F.D., and Embrey, S.S., 2000, Pesticides detected in urban streams during rainstorms in King and Snohomish Counties, Washington, 1998: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4098, 22 p.
Wilde, F.D., Radtke, D.B., Gibs, J., and Iwatsubo, R.T., eds., 1999a, Collection of water samples, in National field manual for the collection of water-quality data: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations Book 9, chapter A4, 103 p.
Wilde, F.D., Radtke, D.B., Gibs, J., and Iwatsubo, R.T., eds., 1999b, Cleaning of equipment for water sampling, in National field manual for the collection of water-quality data: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations Book 9, chapter A3, 65 p.
Wilde, F.D., Radtke, D.B., Gibs, J., and Iwatsubo, R.T., eds., 1999c, Processing of water samples, in National field manual for the collection of water-quality data: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations Book 9, chapter A5, 128 p.
Zaugg, S.D., Sandstrom, M.W., Smith, S.G., and Fehlberg, K.M., 1995, Methods of analysis by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory—Determination of pesticides in water by C-18 solid-phase extraction and capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with selected-ion monitoring: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-181, 49 p.
[Locations of sites are shown in figure 1. All concentrations are in micrograms per liter. Concentrations: J, estimated value; M, identified, but value is too low to quantify; N, there is evidence that the analyte is present. <, less than; –, not analyzed]
Bear Creek (site 8) Stream
conditionDate Collection
method2,4-D, 2,6-Dichlorobenzamide,
unfiltered4-Nitrophenol Atrazine,
filteredCarbaryl,
filteredfiltered unfiltered filtered unfiltered Storm 05-14-01 Auto sampler 0.083J 0.076J 0.036J 0.054J 0.0045NJ 0.003J 0.081J Storm 10-08-01 Auto sampler <.24 .031J – <.18 .14J <.007 <.041 Base flow 06-18-01 DH-81 .14J .15J – .051J .016J .004J <.041 Base flow 09-17-01 DH-81 <.21 .045J – .046J <.31 <.007 <.041
Stream
conditionDate Collection
methodDesethylatrazine,
filteredDiazinon Dichlobenil,
filteredDiuron,
filteredMalathion,
filteredMCPP filtered unfiltered filtered unfitered Storm 05-14-01 Auto sampler 0.002J 0.008 0.012J <0.057 0.011J <0.027 0.055J 0.065J Storm 10-08-01 Auto sampler <.006 .005J .014J .021J <.20 .007J <.49 <.51 Base flow 06-18-01 DH-81 .002J <.005 <.018 .0079J .037NJ <.027 .028J .023J Base flow 09-17-01 DH-81 <.006 <.005 <.016 <.052 <.16 <.027 <.42 <.36
Stream
conditionDate Collection
methodPentachlorophenol Prometon Simazine Trichlopyr filtered unfiltered filtered unfiltered filtered unfiltered filtered unfiltered Storm 05-14-01 Auto sampler 0.009J 0.013J 0.01J 0.001J <0.011 <0.031 <0.13J 0.12J Storm 10-08-01 Auto sampler .1J .015J .004J <.14 <.011 <.14 .02J .015J Base flow 06-18-01 DH-81 .0038J .0043J .01J <.022 .074 .065J .0061J .0086J Base flow 09-17-01 DH-81 <.10 <.09 .004J <.02 .005J <.02 <.18 <.15
Issaquah Creek (site 6) Stream
conditionDate Collection
method2,4-D 2-Butoxyethanol
phosphate4-Nitrophenol Atrazine,
filteredCarbaryl,
filteredDiazinon filtered unfiltered filtered unfiltered filtered unfiltered Storm 05-14-01 Auto sampler 0.077J 0.082J – 0.029NJ 0.024NJ 0.002J 0.018J <0.005 <0.022 Storm 10-08-01 Auto sampler .4 .41 0.21NJ .18J <.46 <.007 <.041 .011 .025J Baseflow 06-18-01 DH-81 <.16 <.16 – .029J .056J <.007 <.041 <.005 <.017 Baseflow 09-17-01 DH-81 <.17 <.19 – .038J .032J <.007 <.041 <.005 <.016
Stream
conditionDate Collection
methodDichlobenil Diuron MCPA MCPP filtered unfiltered filtered unfiltered filtered unfiltered filtered unfiltered Storm 05-14-01 Auto sampler <0.053 <0.054 0.24NJ 0.11NJ <0.50 <0.45 0.076J 0.057J Storm 10-08-01 Auto sampler .08 .21 <.19 <.19 .05J .073J .33J .39J Baseflow 06-18-01 DH-81 <.042 <.039 <.13 <.13 <.32 <.32 <.32 <.32 Baseflow 09-17-01 DH-81 <.042 <.042 <.13 <.12 <.35 <.38 <.35 <.38
Stream
conditionDate Collection
methodPentachlorophenol Prometon Trichlopyr Trifluralin,
filteredfiltered unfiltered filtered unfiltered filtered unfiltered Storm 05-14-01 Auto sampler 0.023J 0.04J 0.01J 0.0071J 0.037J 0.04J <0.009 Storm 10-08-01 Auto sampler .06J .078J .01J <.031 .06J .063J .004J Baseflow 06-18-01 DH-81 .0048J .0045J <.01 <.021 .0045J .0055J <.009 Baseflow 09-17-01 DH-81 <.087 <.095 <.01 <.019 <.15 <.16 <.009
Juanita Creek (site 5) Stream
conditionDate Time Collection
method2,4-D,
unfiltered2,6-
Dichloro-
benzamide,
unfiltered4,4'-
DDD,
unfiltered4,4'-
DDE,
unfiltered4,4'-
DDT,
unfiltered4-Nitrophenol,
unfilteredAtrazine,
filteredBromacil,
unfilteredCarbaryl,
filteredStorm 04-23-98 1340 DH-81 1.0 0.005NJ – – – 0.29 <0.001 <0.079 <0.003 Storm 04-23-98 1930 DH-81 .63 .008NJ – – – .25 .004 <.082 .022J Storm 04-23-98 2110 DH-81 .59 <.081 – – – .22 <.001 <.081 .017J Storm 06-24-99 0750 DH-81 .52 .1J <0.011 <0.011 <0.011 .086J <.001 <.079 .023J Storm 10-08-99 0930 DH-81 .64 .016J <.011 <.011 <.011 <.14 <.001 <.082 .026J Storm 11-16-99 1030 DH-81 .03J – .0028J .0027J .084J .098NJ <.001 <.081 <.003 Baseflow 08-17-99 1040 DH-81 .11 .1J <.011 <.011 .002J <.14 .005 .009J <.003
Stream
conditionDate Time Chlorpyrifos,
unfilteredDiazinon Dicamba,
unfilteredDichlobenil,
unfilteredDichlorprop,
unfilteredDiuron,
unfilteredEPTC,
filteredLindane,
filteredMalathion,
filteredfiltered unfiltered Storm 04-23-98 1340 – 0.242 – 0.09 0.081J <0.046 <0.16J <0.002 <0.004 0.087 Storm 04-23-98 1930 – .276 – .034J .54 <.045 <.12J <.010 .034 .073 Storm 04-23-98 2110 – .309 – .041 .18 <.045 <.12J .009 .03 .071 Storm 06-24-99 0750 0.004NJ .182 0.14 .025J .31 .021J .39NJ <.002 <.004 <.010 Storm 10-08-99 0930 .002NJ .179 .12 .028J .062 <.086 <.12 <.002 <.004 .01 Storm 11-16-99 1030 <.016 .013 .015J <.083 .039 .013NJ <.12 <.002 <.004 <.005 Baseflow 08-17-99 1040 <.016 .014 .021J <.079 .014J <.087 <.12J <.002 <.004 <.005
Stream
conditionDate Time Malathion,
unfilteredMCPA,
unfilteredMCPP,
unfilteredMetolachlor,
filteredPentachloro-
phenol,
unfilteredPrometon Simazine,
filteredTrichlopyr,
unfilteredTrifluralin,
filteredfiltered unfiltered Storm 04-23-98 1340 – 0.38 0.74 <0.002 0.04NJ 0.05 <0.02 <0.005 0.037NJ 0.002J Storm 04-23-98 1930 – .12 .39 <.002 .076 .09 <.02 .014 .17 .003J Storm 04-23-98 2110 – .14 .44 .004 .077 .08 <.02 .026 .1 .003J Storm 06-24-99 0750 0.004NJ .025NJ .69 .142 .11 .08 .017J <.005 .29 .006 Storm 10-08-99 0930 <.016 .092J .37 <.002 .11 .09 <.02 .007 .26 <.002 Storm 11-16-99 1030 <.016 <.17 .075J <.002 .04J .03 <.02 .056 .04J <.002 Baseflow 08-17-99 1040 <.016 <.16 .028J <.002 .013J .07 .057J .004J .12 <.002
Kelsey Creek (site 4) Stream
conditionDate Collection
method2,4-D, unfiltered 4-Nitrophenol,
unfilteredAminomethyl-
phosphonic acid,
filteredCarbaryl,
filteredDesulfinyl-
fipronil amide,
filteredDiazinon,
filteredDicamba,
unfilteredDichlobenil,
unfilteredStorm 10-16-03 Auto sampler 0.19 0.047NJ <0.1 <0.041 <0.009 <0.005 0.014NJ 0.12 Storm 11-18-03 Auto sampler .13J .1NJ <.1 .009J .004J .024 .012NJ <.31J Baseflow 07-08-03 DH-81 .021NJ <.28 .1 <.041 <.009 <.005 .011NJ <.065 Baseflow 08-05-03 DH-81 .15J <.27 .1 <.041 <.009 <.005 .01J <.063
Stream
conditionDate Collection
methodFipronil,
filteredGlyphosate,
filteredMCPA,
unfilteredMCPP,
unfilteredPentachloro-
phenol,
unfilteredPrometon,
filteredTrichlopyr,
unfilteredTrifluralin,
filteredStorm 10-16-03 Auto sampler 0.004J 0.5 0.061J 0.1J 0.042J 0.02 0.12 0.005J Storm 11-18-03 Auto sampler <.016 .7 .035J .039J .075J .008 .091J .006J Baseflow 07-08-03 DH-81 <.007 .4 <.33 <.33 .02J <.01 .031J <.009 Baseflow 08-05-03 DH-81 <.007 <.1 <.31 .071J .021J <.01 .033J <.009
Lewis Creek (site 7) Stream
conditionDate Time Collection
method2,4-D,
unfiltered2,6-Dichloro-
benzamide,
unfiltered4-Nitrophenol,
unfilteredAtrazine,
filteredChlorpyrifos,
unfilteredStorm 04-23-98 1340 DH-81 0.027J 0.004NJ 0.069 <0.001 – Storm 04-23-98 1550 DH-81 <.041 .016J .021J .002J – Storm 04-23-98 2020 DH-81 .12 .039J .048J .002J – Storm 06-24-99 1110 DH-81 .54 .091J .058NJ <.001 0.004NJ
Stream
conditionDate Time Desethyl-
atrazine,
filteredDiazinon Dicamba,
unfilteredEPTC,
filteredMalathion,
unfilteredfiltered unfiltered Storm 04-23-98 1340 <0.002 0.238 – <0.04 0.005 – Storm 04-23-98 1550 <.002 .105 – <.041 <.002 – Storm 04-23-98 2020 .002J .094 – <.04 <.002 – Storm 06-24-99 1110 <.002 .073 0.049J .032J <.002 0.002NJ
Stream
conditionDate Time MCPA,
unfilteredMCPP,
unfilteredPentachloro-
phenol,
unfilteredPrometon,
filteredSimazine,
filteredTrichlopyr,
unfilteredStorm 04-23-98 1340 0.018NJ 0.061NJ 0.016J <0.02 <0.005 <0.034 Storm 04-23-98 1550 .041J .11 <.02 .01J .002J <.034 Storm 04-23-98 2020 .013NJ .13 .021NJ .01J <.005 .022NJ Storm 06-24-99 1110 .079J .77 .024NJ .01J <.005 .18
Little Bear Creek (site 9) Stream
conditionDate Time Collection
method2,4-D,
unfiltered2,6-
Dichloro-
benzamide,
unfiltered4-Nitrophenol,
unfilteredAminomethyl-
phosphonic
acid,
filteredAtrazine,
filteredBromacil,
unfilteredCaffeine,
unfilteredCarbaryl,
filteredDesethyl-
atrazine,
filteredStorm 05-03-00 1100 Auto sampler 0.23 – <0.14 – 0.005 <0.081 – 0.018J <0.002 Storm 05-03-00 1340 DH-81 .18 – <.15 – <.005 <.083 – <.020 <.002 Storm 10-09-00 1315 Auto sampler .52 – .25 – <.007 <.095 – <.041 <.006 Storm 06-28-02 2145 Auto sampler 3.3 – <.33 0.4 <.008 <.086 0.37J .032J <.006 Storm 11-12-02 1230 Auto sampler .37 – .23J .1 <.007 <.069 – .007J <.006 Baseflow 06-27-00 1130 DH-81 <.100 – <.18 – <.001 <.089 – <.003 .003J Baseflow 07-10-02 1115 DH-81 .12J – <.27 <.1 .002J <.083 – <.041 <.006 Baseflow 08-21-02 1130 DH-81 .041J 0.01J <.29 .1 <.007 .018J – <.041 <.006
Stream
conditionDate Time Diazinon Dicamba,
unfilteredDichlobenil,
unfilteredDichlorprop,
unfilteredDiuron,
unfilteredGlyphosate,
filteredMalathion,
filteredfiltered unfiltered Storm 05-03-00 1100 0.008 0.01J <0.078 0.029J <0.086 <0.24 – <0.005 Storm 05-03-00 1340 .007 .0066J <.083 .011J <.092 <.25 – <.005 Storm 10-09-00 1315 <.005 .0098J .012J .034J <.12 <.21 – <.027 Storm 06-28-02 2145 .004J <.017J .041NJ .019J .2J <.13 2.0 .016J Storm 11-12-02 1230 .005 <.014 .032NJ .095 <.17 <.10 .3 <.027 Baseflow 06-27-00 1130 <.002 .0057J <.1 .06 <.11 <.13 – <.005 Baseflow 07-10-02 1115 .004J .047J <.16 <.042 <.17 <.13 <.1 <.027 Baseflow 08-21-02 1130 <.005 <.017 .0034NJ <.043 <.18 .084NJ .1 <.027 Stream
conditionDate Time MCPA,
unfilteredMCPP,
unfilteredNapropamide,
filteredPentachlorophenol,
unfilteredPrometon,
filteredSimazine,
filteredTebuthiuron,
filteredTrichlopyr,
unfilteredStorm 05-03-00 1100 0.02NJ 0.17 <0.003 0.092 0.01J <0.010 0.01 0.18 Storm 05-03-00 1340 <.17 .057J <.003 .027J .01J <.005 .02 .15 Storm 10-09-00 1315 <.23 .20J <.007 .052J .02 <.011 <.02 .74 Storm 06-28-02 2145 <.38 .29J <.007 .072J .01J .011 <.02 2.7 Storm 11-12-02 1230 <.32 .029J .015 .058J .01J <.005 .03 .39 Baseflow 06-27-00 1130 <.20 <.20 <.003 <.050 M .005 .01J <.084 Baseflow 07-10-02 1115 .016J .025J <.007 .0063NJ .01J <.005 .01J 0.048J Baseflow 08-21-02 1130 .047J .039J <.007 .012J <.01 <.005 <.02 0.031J
Lyon Creek at 178th (site 12) (Replicate sample was collected on 06/24/99; see table 4) Stream
conditionDate Time Collection
method2,4-D,
unfiltered2,6-Dichloro-
benzamide,
unfiltered4,4'-DDD,
unfiltered4,4'-DDE,
unfiltered4,4'-DDT,
unfiltered4-Nitrophenol,
unfilteredAtrazine,
filteredCarbaryl,
filteredStorm 05-14-98 0540 DH-81 0.29 0.031J – – – 0.047NJ 0.019 0.012J Storm 05-14-98 0640 DH-81 .14 .031J – – – .036J .021 .011J Storm 06-24-99 0800 DH-81 .34 .086J <0.011 <0.011 <0.011 .1J <.001 .121J Storm 10-08-99 0940 DH-81 .69 .023J <.012 <.012 <.012 <.14 <.001 <.020 Storm 11-16-99 1730 DH-81 .034J – .0021J .0021J .041J .12NJ <.001 <.003 Baseflow 08-17-99 1240 DH-81 .015J .051J <.011 <.011 .002J <.15 .004 <.003
Stream
conditionDate Time Chlorpyrifos,
unfilteredDiazinon Dicamba,
unfilteredDichlobenil,
unfilteredDichlorprop,
unfilteredDiuron,
unfilteredMalathion,
filteredfiltered unfiltered Storm 05-14-98 0540 – 0.305 – 0.036J 0.061 <0.043 <0.12 0.033 Storm 05-14-98 0640 – .425 – .02J .063 .0081J <.12 .037 Storm 06-24-99 0800 0.003NJ .194 0.16 .027J .24 .032J .007NJ <.030 Storm 10-08-99 0940 <.017 .073 .045 .016J .31 <.086 <.13 .017 Storm 11-16-99 1730 <.016 .014 .014J <.081 .065 <.089 <.12 <.005 Baseflow 08-17-99 1240 <.016 <.002 <.016 <.085 .033 <.093 <.12J <.005
Stream
conditionDate Time Malathion,
unfilteredMCPA,
unfilteredMCPP,
unfilteredNapropamide,
filteredPentachloro-
phenol,
unfilteredPrometon,
filteredSimazine Trichlopyr,
unfilteredfiltered unfiltered Storm 05-14-98 0540 – 0.025NJ 0.15 0.016 0.036 0.03 4.73 3.3 0.13 Storm 05-14-98 0640 – .026J .13 .014 .042 .04 4.99 3.3 .091 Storm 06-24-99 0800 0.004NJ <.18 .57 <.003 .1 .11 1.03 .25 .18 Storm 10-08-99 0940 <.017 <.16 .52 <.030 .066 .02 .223 <.021J .29 Storm 11-16-99 1730 <.016 <.16 .18 <.003 .098 .02 <.005 <.020J .058J Baseflow 08-17-99 1240 <.016 <.17 <.17 <.003 .013J .01J .416 .28 .041J
Lyon Creek at Lake Forest Park (site 13) Stream condition Date Time Collection method 2,4-D, unfiltered 4-Nitrophenol, unfiltered Atrazine Bromacil, unfiltered Carbaryl, filtered Chlorpyrifos, unfiltered filtered unfiltered Storm 05-03-00 0930 Auto sampler 0.2 <0.15 0.017 0.0099J <0.081 0.207J 0.003NJ Storm 05-03-00 1345 DH-81 .29 <.16 .008 .014NJ .013NJ .164J .003NJ Storm 10-09-00 1230 Auto sampler .2 .29 <.007 <.071J <.11 <.060 <.022 Baseflow 06-27-00 1115 DH-81 <.11 <.19 <.001 .004NJ .05J <.003 <.018
Stream
conditionDate Time Desethylatrazine,
filteredDiazinon Dicamba,
unfilteredDichlobenil,
unfilteredMCPA,
unfilteredMCPP,
unfilteredfiltered unfiltered Storm 05-03-00 0930 <0.002 0.059 0.054 <0.083 0.11 0.056J 0.084J Storm 05-03-00 1345 <.002 .099 .13 <.089 .1 .036NJ .18 Storm 10-09-00 1230 <.006 .044 .031J .026J .071 <.22 .39 Baseflow 06-27-00 1115 .003J .005 .0072J <.11 .013J <.21 <.21
Stream
conditionDate Time Pentachlorophnol,
unfilteredPrometon,
filteredSimazine Tebuthiuron,
filteredTrichlopyr,
unfilteredTrifluralin,
filteredfiltered unfiltered Storm 05-03-00 0930 0.026J 0.03 0.033 0.015J <0.01 0.1 <0.002 Storm 05-03-00 1345 .034J .04 .045 .046 <.01 .061J <.002 Storm 10-09-00 1230 .12 .02 .1 <.028 <.02 .1 <.009 Baseflow 06-27-00 1115 <.054 .01J .008 <.022 .01J <.090 .003J
May Creek (site 3) Stream
conditionDate Collection
method2,4-D,
unfiltered4-Nitrophenol,
unfilteredCarbaryl,
filteredDiazinon,
filteredDicamba,
unfilteredGlyphosate,
filteredStorm 10-16-03 Auto sampler 0.056J 0.047NJ 0.027J 0.007 <0.16 0.2 Storm 11-18-03 Auto sampler .073J .064NJ <.041 <.005 .0075NJ .2 Baseflow 07-08-03 DH-81 <.16 <.28 <.041 <.005 <.16 <.1 Baseflow 08-05-03 DH-81 <.16 <.29 <.041 <.005 <.16 <.1
Stream
conditionDate Collection
methodMCPP,
unfilteredMetolachlor,
filteredPentachlorophenol,
unfilteredPrometon,
filteredTrichlopyr,
unfilteredStorm 10-16-03 Auto sampler 0.047J 0.273 0.066J 0.01J 0.062J Storm 11-18-03 Auto sampler .05 J .095 .037J .01 .031J Baseflow 07-08-03 DH-81 <.32 .011J <.08 <.01 <.13 Baseflow 08-05-03 DH-81 <.33 <.013 <.082 <.01 <.14
North Creek (site 10) Stream
conditionDate Collection
method2,4-D,
unfiltered2,6-Dichloro-
benzamide,
unfiltered4-Nitrophenol,
unfilteredAtrazine,
filteredCaffeine,
unfilteredCarbaryl,
filteredStorm 06-28-02 Auto sampler 0.47 – <0.32 <0.007 0.23J 0.017J Storm 11-12-02 Auto sampler <.044 – .13J <.007 – .011J Baseflow 07-10-02 DH-81 .053J – <.30 .002J – .010J Baseflow 08-21-02 DH-81 <.17 0.019J <.30 <.007 – <.041
Stream
conditionDate Collection
methodDiazinon Dicamba,
unfilteredDichlobenil,
unfilteredGlyphosate,
filteredMalathion,
filteredMCPP,
unfilteredfiltered unfiltered Storm 06-28-02 Auto sampler 0.007 <0.020J 0.035NJ 0.021J 0.1 0.010J 0.24J Storm 11-12-02 Auto sampler .011 <.014 <.19 .024 <.1 <.027 .091J Baseflow 07-10-02 DH-81 .009 .076J <.17 .003J <.1 <.027 .037J Baseflow 08-21-02 DH-81 <.005 .14J <.17 <.045 <.1 <.027 .014NJ
Stream condition Date Collection method Pentachlorophenol, unfiltered Prometon Simazine, filtered Tebuthiuron, filtered Trichlopyr, unfiltered filtered unfiltered Storm 06-28-02 Auto sampler 0.11 0.04 <0.025 0.007 <0.02 0.11J Storm 11-12-02 Auto sampler .058J .02 <.018 .008 <.02 .11J Baseflow 07-10-02 DH-81 .0098J .02 .04NJ .052 .02J .27 Baseflow 08-21-02 DH-81 .014J <.01 <.022 <.005 <.02 .017NJ
Rock Creek (site 2) Stream
conditionDate Collection
method4-Nitrophenol,
unfilteredDicamba,
unfilteredStorm 05-14-98 DH-81 <0.071 <0.041 Storm 06-24-99 DH-81 .037NJ .011J Storm 10-08-99 DH-81 <.14 <.081 Storm 11-16-99 DH-81 <.15 <.083 Baseflow 08-17-99 DH-81 <.16 <.089
Swamp Creek (site 11) Stream condition Date Time Collection method 2,4-D, unfiltered 4-Nitrophenol, unfiltered Atrazine, unfiltered Diazinon Dichlobenil, unfiltered Malathion filtered unfiltered filtered unfiltered Storm 05-03-00 1200 Auto sampler 0.058J <0.14 <0.020 0.025 0.019 0.025J 0.032 0.013J Storm 05-03-00 1500 DH-81 .055J <.15 <.020 .03 .021 .018J .021 .0069J Storm 10-09-00 1340 Auto sampler .12 .17J <.023 .029 .017J .023J <.027 <.018 Baseflow 06-27-00 1310 DH-81 <.11 <.19 .007NJ .004J .0044J .021J <.005 <.019
Stream
conditionDate Time MCPA,
unfilteredMCPP,
unfilteredPentachlorophenol,
unfilteredPrometon,
filteredSimazine,
filteredTrichlopyr,
unfilteredStorm 05-03-00 1200 0.026J 0.068J 0.02J 0.02 <0.010 0.12 Storm 05-03-00 1500 .031J .066J .014J .02 <.010 .13 Storm 10-09-00 1340 <.22 .14J .079 .01J <.011 .11 Baseflow 06-27-00 1310 <.21 <.21 <.054 .01J .007 <.09
Taylor Creek (site 1) Stream
conditionDate Collection
method2,4-D,
unfiltered4-Nitrophenol,
unfilteredDicamba,
unfilteredGlyphosate,
filteredMCPA,
unfilteredStorm 10-16-03 Auto sampler 0.11J 0.035NJ 0.014NJ 0.2 0.027J Storm 11-18-03 Auto sampler .049J <.27 .0078NJ .1 .023NJ Baseflow 07-08-03 DH-81 <.18 <.32 <.18 <.1 <.36 Baseflow 08-05-03 DH-81 <.16 <.28 <.16 <.1 <.33
Stream
conditionDate MCPP,
unfilteredMetolachlor,
filteredPentachlorophenol,
unfilteredPrometon,
filteredTrichlopyr,
unfilteredStorm 10-16-03 0.077J 0.010J 0.029J 0.19 0.061J Storm 11-18-03 .056J .007J .091 .03 .045J Baseflow 07-08-03 <.36 <.013 .011J <.01 <.15 Baseflow 08-05-03 <.33 <.013 .0049J .01J <.14
Unnamed Creek @ 124th (site 14) Stream
conditionDate Collection
method2,4-D,
unfiltered2,6-Dichloro-
benzamide,
unfiltered4-Nitrophenol,
unfilteredAminometyl-
phosphonic
acid,
filteredAtrazine,
filteredCaffeine,
unfilteredCarbaryl,
filteredCarbofuran filtered unfiltered Storm 06-28-02 Dip 0.45 – <0.29 0.5 <0.007 0.31J 0.098J <0.020 – Storm 11-12-02 Dip .041J – .23J .5 <.007 .11J .047J <.020 – Baseflow 09-11-00 Dip .28 0.21J <.19 – <.006 – <.003 .229 0.089NJ Baseflow 07-10-02 Dip .16J .11J <.30 .8 .003J – .064J <.020 – Baseflow 08-21-02 Dip .12J .016J <.27 1.3 .004J – .035J <.020 –
Stream
conditionDate Chlorpyrifos Diazinon Dicamba,
unfilteredDichlobenil,
unfilteredDichlorprop,
unfilteredDiuron,
unfilteredfiltered unfiltered filtered unfiltered Storm 06-28-02 0.012 <0.016J 0.005 0.21J <0.16 0.079 0.033J <0.12 Storm 11-12-02 .008 <.014 <.005 <.014 .088J <.036 <.18 <.11 Baseflow 09-11-00 .005 <.019 .586 .47 .38 .041J <.12 .052NJ Baseflow 07-10-02 .015 .0028J .014 .19J <.17 <.001 <.19 <.13 Baseflow 08-21-02 .015 .0089J <.005 <.015 <.15 .0082J <.17 .075NJ
Stream
conditionDate Ethofumesate,
unfilteredGlyphosate,
filteredMalathion MCPA,
unfilteredMCPP,
unfilteredMetalaxyl,
unfilteredfiltered unfiltered Storm 06-28-02 – 1.2 0.216 0.12J <0.33 0.092J <0.12 Storm 11-12-02 – .8 <.027 <.014 .079J .079NJ <.11 Baseflow 09-11-00 2.4NJ – <.005 <.019 <.22 <.22 .15 Baseflow 07-10-02 – .8 .029 .0045J <.34 <.34 <.13 Baseflow 08-21-02 – 1.3 <.027 <.015 <.31 .048J <.11
Stream
conditionDate Metolachlor,
filteredOxadiazon,
unfilteredPentachlorophenol,
unfilteredPrometon,
filteredSimazine,
filteredTebuthiuron,
filteredTrichlopyr,
unfilteredTrifluralin,
filteredStorm 06-28-02 <0.013 – 0.13 0.03 <0.005 <0.02 0.31 <0.009 Storm 11-12-02 <.013 – .092 .01J .01 .05 .12J <.009 Baseflow 09-11-00 .007 – .029NJ .01J <.005 .08J .28 .003J Baseflow 07-10-02 .004J – .021NJ .01J .007 .06 .036J <.009 Baseflow 08-21-02 .007J 0.066J .015NJ .03 .007 .02 .11J <.009 Document Accessibility: Adobe Systems Incorporated has information about PDFs and the visually impaired. This information provides tools to help make PDF files accessible. These tools convert Adobe PDF documents into HTML or ASCII text, which then can be read by a number of common screen-reading programs that synthesize text as audible speech. In addition, an accessible version of Acrobat Reader 5.0 for Windows (English only), which contains support for screen readers, is available. These tools and the accessible reader may be obtained free from Adobe at Adobe Access.
Send questions or comments about this report to the author, L.M. Frans, (253) 428-3600 ext. 2694.
For more information about USGS activities in Washington, visit the USGS Washington District home page.
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