Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5143 Table 5

Evaluation of Evidence Supporting the Effectiveness of Desert Tortoise Recovery Actions

By William I. Boarman¹ and William B. Kristan²

Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5143, published 2006.

Table 5

Characteristics of assessed documents. Explanations of terms are in text. OHV = off-highway vehicles, Observ. = Observation, Exper. = Experimental.

Author	Action	Measure	Finding	Study type	Replication	Replica- tion level	Control
Avery 1998, Avery and Neibergs 1997	Exclude grazing	Habitat	Positive	Exper.	Replicated	Project	Yes
	Exclude grazing	Tortoises	Positive	Exper.	Replicated	Project	Yes
Baxter 1986	Translocation	Homing	Negative	Exper.	Replicated	Project	No
Berry et al. 1999	Fencing reserve	Population	Positive	Observ.	Replicated	Project	Yes
Boarman and Sazaki 1996	Tortoise fencing	Tortoises	Positive	Exper.	Replicated	Project	Yes
	Tortoise fencing	Population	Positive	Exper.	Replicated	Project	Yes
Bowser et al. 1997	Restore habitat	Habitat	Positive	Exper.	Unreplicated		No
Brooks 1995	Fencing reserve	Habitat	Positive	Exper.	Replicated	Project	Yes
Burge 1986	Post routes	Habitat	Negative	Observ.	Replicated	Project	Yes
Bury and Luckenbach 2002	OHV	Habitat	Positive	Observ.	Replicated	Project	Yes
	OHV	Tortoises	Positive	Observ.	Replicated	Project	Yes
Campbell 1981, 1985	Fencing reserve	OHV use	Positive	Observ.	Replicated	Project	Yes
	Fencing reserve	Shooting	Positive	Observ.	Replicated	Project	Yes
	Fencing reserve	Hunting	Positive	Observ.	Replicated	Project	Yes
Circle Mountain Biological Consultants 1994	Post routes	Tortoises	Positive	Observ.	Replicated	Project	No
	Post routes	Burrows	Positive	Observ.	Replicated	Project	No
	Post routes	Habitat	Positive	Observ.	Replicated	Project	No
EnviroPlus Consulting 1995	Tortoise fencing	Tortoises	Positive	Exper.	Replicated	Action	Yes
Everett et al. 2001	Predator control	Capture rate	Negative	Exper.	Replicated	Project	No
Field et al. 2002	Translocation	Survival	Positive	Exper.	Replicated	Action	Yes
	Translocation	Tortoises	Uncertain	Exper.	Replicated	Project	Internal
Fusari et al.1981	Tortoise fencing	Tortoises	Positive	Exper.	Replicated	Action	No
Goodlett and Goodlett 1993	Post routes	OHV use	No effect	Observ.	Replicated	Project	Yes
Guyot and Clobert 1997	Tortoise fencing	Tortoises	Positive	Exper.	Replicated	Project	No
	Translocation	Tortoises	Positive	Exper.	Replicated	Project	No
Kazmaier et al. 2001	Exclude grazing	Population	No effect	Exper.	Replicated	Action	Yes
	Exclude grazing	Tortoises	No effect	Exper.	Replicated	Action	Yes
Kutiel 1999	OHV	Habitat	Positive	Observ.	Replicated	Project	Yes
Larsen et al. 1997	Exclude grazing	Habitat	Uncertain	Exper.	Replicated	Project	Yes
LaRue and Dougherty 1999	Construction	Tortoises	Positive	Observ.	Replicated	Meta analysis	No
Medica 1994a	Post routes	Habitat	Negative	Observ.	Replicated	Project	Yes
Medica 1994b	Post routes	Habitat	Negative	Observ.	Replicated	Project	Yes
Medica et al. 1982, Turner et al. 1981	Exclude grazing	Habitat	Uncertain	Exper.	Replicated	Project	Yes
	Exclude grazing	Tortoises	Positive	Exper.	Replicated	Project	Yes
Miller-Allert 2000	Post routes	Habitat	Mixed	Observ.	Replicated	Project	No
Miller-Allert 2001	Post routes	Habitat	Mixed	Observ.	Replicated	Project	No
Morafka et al. 1997	Protect hatchlings	Hatchling survival	Positive	Exper.	Replicated	Project	Yes
Mullen and Ross 1996	Translocation	Tortoises	Positive	Exper.	Replicated	Project	Yes
Musser 1983	Post routes	Habitat	Positive	Exper.	Replicated	Project	No
Nicholson and Humphreys 1981	Exclude grazing	Habitat	Negative	Observ.	Unreplicated		Yes
Olson 1996	Construction	Tortoises	Uncertain	Observ.	Unreplicated		No
Olson et al. 1992	Construction	Survival	Mixed	Observ.	Replicated	Project	No
Ruby et al. 1994	Tortoise fencing	Tortoises	Positive	Exper.	Replicated	Action	Internal
Sazaki et al. 1995	Tortoise fencing	Tortoises	Positive	Observ.	Replicated	Project	No
Stewart 1993	Translocation	Weight change	Positive	Exper.	Replicated	Project	Yes
	Translocation	Survival	Positive	Exper.	Replicated	Project	Yes
Stewart and Baxter 1987	Translocation	Survival	Positive	Exper.	Replicated	Project	No
BLM 1984	Post routes	Habitat	Mixed	Observ.	Replicated	Project	No
Walker and Mastin 1999	Post routes	Habitat	Positive	Observ.	Replicated	Project	Internal
BLM 2000a	Post routes	Habitat	Mixed	Observ.	Replicated	Project	No
BLM 2001b	Post routes	Habitat	Mixed	Observ.	Replicated	Project	No
BLM 2002	Post routes	Habitat	Mixed	Observ.	Replicated	Project	No
Woodman 1986	Post routes	Habitat	Negative	Observ.	Replicated	Project	No
	Post routes	Tortoises	Positive	Observ.	Replicated	Project	No