Identification_Information:
  Citation:
    Citation_Information:
      Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
      Publication_Date: 2008
      Title: Susceptibility to Shallow Landsliding modeled for the Oakland-Berkeley Area, Northern California
      Edition: 1.0
      Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: raster digital data
      Series_Information:
        Series_Name: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report
        Issue_Identification: SIR 2007-5196
      Publication_Information:
        Publication_Place: Menlo Park, CA
        Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
      Online_Linkage: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5196/
  Description:
    Abstract: The susceptibility of shallow soil to landsliding by large-magnitude rain storms is estimated for upland hillsides in the Oakland-Berkeley area of northern California, from Geographic Information System (GIS) analyses of Digital Elevation Models at 10 m resolution.  The regional-scale prediction of source regions for rainfall-induced shallow landslides, which is based on the physically based SHALSTAB model, highlights the topographic influence on initiation sites which commonly are areas of steep, convergent topography.  Although this broad-scale estimation does not account for such site-specific variability as material properties, vegetation cover, or local hydrologic response, it does denote the relative spatial density of potential initiation sites that can mobilize into destructive, fast-moving debris flows.
    Purpose: This map was created on the principle that anticipation of a future hazard is preferred to post-disaster response in reducing losses resulting from the same hazard. The map's spatial predictions of the varied likelihood of shallow landsliding should aid public agencies in the decision making required for broad-scale land-use planning and zoning. In its role of increasing resistance of the greater Oakland-Berkeley area to landsliding, this map is intended for regional, not local site, application.
    Supplemental_Information:
      This map on plate 2 is intended specifically as a complement to the other three 
      landslide-hazard maps in this publication, wherever the four maps coincide.
  Time_Period_of_Content:
    Time_Period_Information:
      Single_Date/Time:
        Calendar_Date: 2000
    Currentness_Reference: The data used in the construction of this map were published by the USGS during 2001. Transformation of these data was performed in 2001. The date of construction should be considered with respect to state of the practice when using this map.
  Status:
    Progress: Complete
    Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: Irregular
  Spatial_Domain:
    Bounding_Coordinates:
      West_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.3750000
      East_Bounding_Coordinate: -122.0000000
      North_Bounding_Coordinate: 38.00000000
      South_Bounding_Coordinate: 37.62500000
  Keywords:
    Theme:
      Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: American Geological Institute Dictionary of Geological Terms
      Theme_Keyword: landslide
      Theme_Keyword: geologic hazard
      Theme_Keyword: shallow landslide
      Theme_Keyword: debris flow
      Theme_Keyword: topography
      Theme_Keyword: digital elevation model
      Theme_Keyword: mathematical model
      Theme_Keyword: SHALSTAB
      Theme_Keyword: landslide susceptibility
      Theme_Keyword: gradient
      Theme_Keyword: curvature
    Place:
      Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: Augmented FIPS 10-4, version 1.0
      Place_Keyword: California
      Place_Keyword: Oakland
      Place_Keyword: Piedmont
      Place_Keyword: Berkeley
      Place_Keyword: USA
  Access_Constraints: none
  Use_Constraints:
    Users should acknowledge the authors and the U.S. Geological Survey if data used to derive products. Users should check with USGS western publications website prior to use to check for revisions or updates. 

    The map is intended as a tool for regional planning. Any site-specific planning or analysis should be undertaken by, or with the assistance of a qualified geotechnical engineer or engineering geologist. This hazard map should not be used as a substitute for the State of California Landslide Hazard Zones map for the same area (See California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology, 1999). As previously noted by Wieczorek and others (1985) for maps of this type, this map should not be used as a basis to determine the absolute risk from shallow landslides at any locality, as the sole justification for zoning or rezoning any parcel, for detailed design of any utilities lifeline, for site-specific hazard-reduction planning, or for setting or modifying insurance rates. 

    Users of this map should not violate the spatial resolution of the data. Although the digital form of the data removes the constraint imposed by the scale of a paper map, the detail and accuracy inherent in map scale are also present in the digital data. The fact that this database was edited for a scale of 1:50,000 means that higher resolution information, greater than 10 meter cell size, is not present in the dataset. Plotting at scales larger than 1:50,000 (10 m cell size) will not yield greater real detail, although it may reveal fine-scale irregularities below the intended resolution of the database. Similarly, where this database is used in combination with other data of higher resolution, the resolution of the combined output will be limited by the lower resolution of these data.
  Point_of_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Person_Primary:
        Contact_Person: Kevin M. Schmidt
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
      Contact_Position: Research Geologist
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 650-329-5302
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 650-329-4936
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kschmidt@usgs.gov
  Browse_Graphic:
    Browse_Graphic_File_Name: http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2007/5196/
    Browse_Graphic_File_Description: Reduced-size image of the map sheet, 1394x1122 pixels, 32-bit RGB true color.
    Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG
  Data_Set_Credit:
    Kevin Schmidt (USGS) conceived the project and conducted the overall effort.

    Kevin Schmidt and Steven Sobieszczyk (USGS and Environmental Careers Organization) manipulated the source data and created the finished hazard map. The algorithm used in the SHALSTAB slope stability analysis was modified from that obtained from Dino Bellugi and William Dietrich of U.C. Berkeley (Earth and Planetary Science Department).


    (Richard Pike (USGS) added to and edited the narrative text, and also wrote the metadata.)

    The authors thank Gerry Wieczorek and Ed Harp for reviews of the map and manuscript.
  Security_Information:
    Security_Classification_System: none
    Security_Classification: none
    Security_Handling_Description: none
  Native_Data_Set_Environment: The databases in this report were compiled in ARC/INFO, a commercial Geographic Information System (Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, California). The files are in GRID (ARC/INFO raster data) format. Coverages are stored in uncompressed ARC export format (ARC/INFO version 7.x). ARC/INFO export files (files with the .e00 extension) can be converted into ARC/INFO coverages in ARC/INFO (see below) and can be read by some other geographic information systems, such as MapInfo via ArcLink and ESRI's ArcView (version 1.0 for Windows 3.1 to 3.11 is available for free from ESRI's web site: <http://www.esri.com>). The digital compilation was done in version 7.1.
  Cross_Reference:
    Citation_Information:
      Title: Susceptibility to Shallow Landsliding modeled for the Oakland-Berkeley Area, Northern California
Data_Quality_Information:
  Attribute_Accuracy:
    Attribute_Accuracy_Report:
      The attribute contained in this database is the result of mathematical modeling. Users should refer to the text narrative to assess if attribute is appropriate for their use. 
      This report has undergone two scientific peer reviews, one digital database review, one review for conformity with geologic names policy, and review of the plotfiles for conformity with USGS map standards.
    Quantitative_Attribute_Accuracy_Assessment:
      Attribute_Accuracy_Value: Value refers to color within Arc/Info plot code table.  Minimum of 1, maximum of 7 of shallow landslide susceptibility grid cell value.
      Attribute_Accuracy_Explanation: Values 1-7 indicate increasing hazard of shallow landslide susceptibility.
  Logical_Consistency_Report: No additional checks for topological consistency were performed on this data set.
  Completeness_Report: This map shows modeled landslide-susceptibility for all seven quadrangles in the study area. The map product is entirely derived from existing digital map data sources.
  Positional_Accuracy:
    Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
      Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report: Well-located data items are intended to have a horizontal accuracy within 0.2 mm at 1:50,000 scale, or within 10 meters on the ground. The position of each data item is derived from the USGS topographic base map, and therefore additional inaccuracies arising from inaccuracies in the base map may also be encountered. See Aitken (1997) for information on horizontal positional accuracy of the base maps.
    Vertical_Positional_Accuracy:
      Vertical_Positional_Accuracy_Report: No vertical positional data recorded. See Aitken (1997) for information on vertical positional accuracy of the base maps used to create plotfiles of the geologic maps.
  Lineage:
    Source_Information:
      Source_Citation:
        Citation_Information:
          Title: San Francisco Bay Area 24K Digital Elevation Model Database (30 meters)
      Source_Scale_Denominator: 24000
      Type_of_Source_Media: online
      Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
        Time_Period_Information:
          Single_Date/Time:
            Calendar_Date: 2001
        Source_Currentness_Reference: complete
      Source_Citation_Abbreviation: DEM
    Process_Step:
      Process_Description: Patterns of slope stability predicted by the SHALSTAB model from the 10-m DEM are expressed as the ratio q/T, where q is effective precipitation, rainfall minus evapo-transpiration, and T is transmissivity of the soil, the rate at which subsurface water moves downslope under a unit hydraulic gradient.  The influence of topographic convergence concentrating runoff and elevating soil saturation within the soil is captured by the upslope contributing area relative to the contour length through which water flows.  The 40 degree value chosen for the friction angle is representative of a dense, well-graded sand or sand and gravel mixture typical of many of the soils derived from sedimentary bedrock in the study area.
Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
  Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Raster
  Raster_Object_Information:
    Raster_Object_Type: Grid Cell
    Row_Count: 4171
    Column_Count: 3337
    Vertical_Count: 1
Spatial_Reference_Information:
  Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
    Planar:
      Map_Projection:
        Map_Projection_Name: UTM Zone Number:10
        Transverse_Mercator:
          Scale_Factor_at_Central_Meridian: 0.999600
          Longitude_of_Central_Meridian: -123.000000
          Latitude_of_Projection_Origin: 0.000000
          False_Easting: 500000.000000
          False_Northing: 0.000000
      Planar_Coordinate_Information:
        Planar_Coordinate_Encoding_Method: row and column
        Coordinate_Representation:
          Abscissa_Resolution: 10.000000
          Ordinate_Resolution: 10.000000
        Planar_Distance_Units: meters
    Geodetic_Model:
      Horizontal_Datum_Name: North American Datum of 1927
      Ellipsoid_Name: Clarke 1866
      Semi-major_Axis: 6378206.4
      Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 294.98
Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
  Detailed_Description:
    Entity_Type:
      Entity_Type_Label: Shallow landslide susceptibility grid cell
      Entity_Type_Definition: Any elements in hazard map data
      Entity_Type_Definition_Source: Authors
    Attribute:
      Attribute_Label: Hydrologic q/T value
      Attribute_Definition: Value refers to color within Arc/Info plot code table. Values 1-7 indicate increasing hazard.
      Attribute_Definition_Source: Authors
      Attribute_Domain_Values:
        Range_Domain:
          Range_Domain_Minimum: 1
          Range_Domain_Maximum: 7
      Beginning_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 2000
      Ending_Date_of_Attribute_Values: 2001
      Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Information:
        Attribute_Value_Accuracy: Well-located data items are intended to have a horizontal accuracy within 0.2 mm at 1:50,000 scale, or within 10 meters on the ground.
        Attribute_Value_Accuracy_Explanation: The position of each data item is derived from the USGS topographic base map, and therefore additional inaccuracies arising from inaccuracies in the base map may also be encountered. See Aitken (1997) for information on horizontal positional accuracy of the base maps.
Distribution_Information:
  Resource_Description: Downloadable Data
  Distribution_Liability:
    Information in this data set is approved for release to the public by the Director, U.S. Geological Survey. This information has been reviewed but may still contain errors or inconsistencies, of which we would appreciate being made aware. Generally USGS data is not intended for use in navigation. 

    Although these data have been processed successfully on a computer system at the U.S. Geological Survey, no warranty expressed or implied is made by the U.S. Geological Survey regarding the utility of the data on any other system, nor shall the act of distribution constitute any such warranty. No responsibility is assumed by the U.S. Geological Survey in the use of these data. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
  Standard_Order_Process:
    Digital_Form:
      Digital_Transfer_Information:
        Format_Name: Arc/Info export
        Format_Version_Number: 8.0
        Format_Information_Content: 10-m grid 
        File_Decompression_Technique: unzip
        Transfer_Size: 
      Digital_Transfer_Option:
        Online_Option:
          Computer_Contact_Information:
            Network_Address:
              Network_Resource_Name:
		http://geopubs.wr.usgs.gov/map-mf/mf2385
Metadata_Reference_Information:
  Metadata_Date: 20051018
  Metadata_Review_Date: 2007
  Metadata_Contact:
    Contact_Information:
      Contact_Organization_Primary:
        Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
        Contact_Person: Kevin M. Schmidt
      Contact_Position: Research Geologist
      Contact_Address:
        Address_Type: mailing address
        Address: 345 Middlefield Road, Mail Stop 973
        City: Menlo Park
        State_or_Province: CA
        Postal_Code: 94025
        Country: USA
      Contact_Voice_Telephone: 650-329-5302
      Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 650-329-4936
      Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: kschmidt@usgs.gov
  Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
  Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
  Metadata_Time_Convention: local time
  Metadata_Access_Constraints: none
  Metadata_Use_Constraints:
    Users should acknowledge the authors and the U.S. Geological Survey if data used to derive products. Users should check with USGS western publications website prior to use to check for revisions or updates. 

    The map is intended as a tool for regional planning. Any site-specific planning or analysis should be undertaken by, or with the assistance of a qualified geotechnical engineer or engineering geologist. This hazard map should not be used as a substitute for the State of California Landslide Hazard Zones map for the same area (See California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology, 1999). As previously noted by Wieczorek and others (1985) for maps of this type, this map should not be used as a basis to determine the absolute risk from shallow landslides at any locality, as the sole justification for zoning or rezoning any parcel, for detailed design of any utilities lifeline, for site-specific hazard-reduction planning, or for setting or modifying insurance rates. 

    Users of this map should not violate the spatial resolution of the data. Although the digital form of the data removes the constraint imposed by the scale of a paper map, the detail and accuracy inherent in map scale are also present in the digital data. The fact that this database was edited for a scale of 1:50,000 means that higher resolution information, greater than 10 meter cell size, is not present in the dataset. Plotting at scales larger than 1:50,000 (10 m cell size) will not yield greater real detail, although it may reveal fine-scale irregularities below the intended resolution of the database. Similarly, where this database is used in combination with other data of higher resolution, the resolution of the combined output will be limited by the lower resolution of these data.
  Metadata_Security_Information:
    Metadata_Security_Classification_System: none
    Metadata_Security_Classification: none
    Metadata_Security_Handling_Description: none
  Metadata_Extensions:
    Online_Linkage: http://www.esri.com/metadata/esriprof80.html
    Profile_Name: ESRI Metadata Profile