Scientific Investigations Report 2007–5245
In cooperation with the National Park ServiceAn Inventory of Terrestrial Mammals at National Parks in the Northeast Temperate Network and Sagamore Hill National Historic SiteBy Andrew T. Gilbert, Allan F. O’Connell, Jr., Elizabeth M. Annand, Neil W. Talancy, John R. Sauer, and James D. NicholsScientific Investigations Report 2007–5245 |
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An inventory of mammals was conducted during 2004 at nine national park sites in the Northeast Temperate Network (NETN): Acadia National Park (NP), Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park (NHP), Minute Man NHP, Morristown NHP, Roosevelt-Vanderbilt National Historic Site (NHS), Saint-Gaudens NHS, Saugus Iron Works NHS, Saratoga NHP, and Weir Farm NHS. Sagamore Hill NHS, part of the Northeast Coastal and Barrier Network (NCBN), was also surveyed. Each park except Acadia NP was sampled twice, once in the winter/spring and again in the summer/fall. During the winter/spring visit, indirect measure (IM) sampling arrays were employed at 2 to 16 stations and included sampling by remote cameras, cubby boxes (covered trackplates), and hair traps. IM stations were established and re-used during the summer/fall sampling period. Trapping was conducted at 2 to 12 stations at all parks except Acadia NP during the summer/fall period and consisted of arrays of small-mammal traps, squirrel-sized live traps, and some fox-sized live traps. We used estimation-based procedures and probabilistic sampling techniques to design this inventory. A total of 38 species was detected by IM sampling, trapping, and field observations. Species diversity (number of species) varied among parks, ranging from 8 to 24, with Minute Man NHP having the most species detected. Raccoon (Procyon lotor), Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana), Fisher (Martes pennanti), and Domestic Cat (Felis silvestris) were the most common medium-sized mammals detected in this study and White-footed Mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), Northern Short-tailed Shrew (Blarina brevicauda), Deer Mouse (P. maniculatus), and Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) the most common small mammals detected. All species detected are considered fairly common throughout their range including the Fisher, which has been reintroduced in several New England states. We did not detect any state or federal endangered or threatened species.
Abstract
Introduction
Goals and Objectives
Physiography and Climate
Historical Research, Surveys, and Inventories of Mammals
Methods
Approach to Inventory Design
Spatial Sampling Design and Sampling-Point Allocation
Stratification
Systematic Sampling Scheme
Assigning Sampling Points
Locating Sampling Points
Temporal Sampling Scheme
Indirect Measure Sampling
Remote Cameras
Trackplates
Hair Traps
Trapping
Observation Cards
Historical Voucher Specimen Records
Data Collection
Data Analyses
Weir Farm National Historic Site (WEFA)
Background
Prior Investigations
Sampling Stations
Survey Results
Species Expected but Not Detected
Endangered and Threatened Species
Morristown National Historical Park (MORR)
Background
Prior Investigations
Sampling Stations
Survey Results
Species Expected but Not Detected
Endangered and Threatened Species
Roosevelt-Vanderbilt National Historic Sites (ROVA)
Background
Prior Research
Sampling Stations
Survey Results
Species Expected but Not Detected
Endangered and Threatened Species
Minute Man National Historical Park (MIMA)
Background
Prior Investigations
Sampling Stations
Survey Results
Species Expected but Not Detected
Endangered and Threatened Species
Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site (SAIR)
Background
Prior Investigations
Sampling Stations
Survey Results
Species Expected but Not Detected
Endangered and Threatened Species
Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site (SAGA)
Background
Prior Investigations
Sampling Stations
Survey Results
Species Expected but Not Detected
Endangered and Threatened Species
Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park (MABI)
Background
Prior Investigations
Sampling Stations
Survey Results
Species Expected but Not Detected
Endangered and Threatened Species
Saratoga National Historical Park (SARA)
Background
Prior Research
Sampling Stations
Survey Results
Species Expected but Not Detected
Endangered and Threatened Species
Acadia National Park (ACAD)
Background
Prior Research
Sampling Stations
Survey Results
Species Expected but Not Detected
Endangered and Threatened Species
Sagamore Hill National Historic Site (SAHI)
Background
Prior Investigations
Sampling Stations
Survey Results
Species Expected but Not Detected
Endangered and Threatened Species
Suggestions for Further Study
Acknowledgments
References Cited
Appendix A. ArcObjects programming code for the macro developed to generate a sampling grid in ArcMap 8.1
Appendix B. ArcObjects programming code for the macro developed to draw randomized systematic samples by strata in ArcMap 8.1
Appendix C. Method employed for generating randomized systematic samples
Appendix D. Protocols for indirect measure sampling
Appendix E. Identification of mammalian hair
Appendix F. Observation card used in the Northeast Temperate Network mammal inventory
Appendix G. Field data sheets distributed to park staff
Appendix H. Identified hairs collected during the Northeast Temperate Network and Sagamore Hill National Historic Site mammal inventory based on physical characteristics and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) analysis
1. Map showing National Park units and representative ecoregions in the northeastern United States included in the 2004 mammal inventory of the Northeast Temperate Network and Sagamore Hill National Historic Site in the Northeast Coastal and Barrier Network
2–5. Diagram showing—
2. Steps used to select sampling points for the 2004 mammal inventory using a grid system, vegetation strata, and random point placement
3. Steps used to calculate the sampling frame and assign sampling points for the 2004 mammal inventory
4. Design of indirect measure stations used to detect mammals in the 2004 mammal inventory
5. Small mammal trap lines and placement of squirrel-sized and fox-sized live traps used in the 2004 mammal inventory of national parks in the Northeast Temperate Network and Sagamore Hill National Historic Site
6–35. Map showing—
6. Locations of remote cameras and other detection devices, trapping equipment,and orientation of small-mammal trap lines used in the 2004 mammal inventory at Weir Farm National Historic Site
7. Species diversity results for trapping and indirect measure sampling stationsduring the 2004 mammal inventory at Weir Farm National Historic Site
8. Locations of remote cameras and other detection devices, trapping equipment,and orientation of small-mammal trap lines used in the 2004 mammal inventory at Morristown National Historical Park-Jockey Hollow Unit
9. Locations of remote cameras and other detection devices, trapping equipment,and orientation of small-mammal trap lines used in the 2004 mammal inventory at Morristown National Historical Park-New Jersey Brigade Unit
10. Species diversity at trapping and indirect measure stations during the 2004mammal inventory at Morristown National Historical Park-Jockey Hollow Unit
11. Species diversity at trapping and indirect measure stations during the 2004mammal inventory at Morristown National Historical Park-New Jersey Brigade Unit
12. Locations of remote cameras and other detection devices, trapping equipment,and orientation of small-mammal trap lines used in the 2004 mammal inventory at Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site
13. Locations of remote cameras and other detection devices, trapping equipment,and orientation of small-mammal trap lines used in the 2004 mammal inventory at Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site
14. Locations of remote cameras and other detection devices, trapping equipment,and orientation of small-mammal trap lines used in the 2004 mammal inventory at Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site
15. Species diversity at trapping and indirect measure sampling stations during the 2004 mammal inventory at Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site
16. Species diversity at trapping and indirect measure sampling stations during the 2004 mammal inventory at Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site
17. Species diversity at trapping and indirect measure sampling stations during the 2004 mammal inventory at Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site
18. Locations of remote cameras and other detection devices, trapping equipment,and orientation of small-mammal trap lines used in the 2004 mammal inventory in the western part of Minute Man National Historical Park
19. Locations of remote cameras and other detection devices, trapping equipment,and orientation of small-mammal trap lines used in the 2004 mammal inventory in the eastern part of Minute Man National Historical Park
20. Species diversity at trapping and indirect measure sampling stations during the 2004 mammal inventory in the western part of Minute Man National Historical Park
21. Species diversity at trapping and indirect measure sampling stations during the 2004 mammal inventory in the eastern part of Minute Man National Historical Park
22. Locations of remote cameras and other detection devices, trapping equipment,and orientation of small-mammal trap lines used in the 2004 mammal inventory at Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site
23. Species diversity at trapping and indirect measure sampling stations during the2004 mammal inventory at Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site
24. Locations of remote cameras and other detection devices, trapping equipment,and orientation of small-mammal trap lines used in the 2004 mammal inventory at Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site
25. Species diversity at trapping and indirect measure sampling stations during the 2004 mammal inventory at Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site
26. Locations of remote cameras and other detection devices, trapping equipment,and orientation of small-mammal trap lines used in the 2004 mammal inventory at Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park
27. Species diversity at trapping and indirect measure sampling stations during the 2004 mammal inventory at Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park
28. Locations of remote cameras and other detection devices, trapping equipment,and orientation of small-mammal trap lines used in the 2004 mammal inventory at Saratoga National Historical Park
29. Species diversity at trapping and indirect measure sampling stations during the 2004 mammal inventory at Saratoga National Historical Park
30. Locations of remote cameras and other detection devices used in the 2004mammal inventory at Acadia National Park (Mount Desert Island-west)
31. Locations of remote cameras and other detection devices used in the 2004 mammal inventory at Acadia National Park (Mount Desert Island-east)
32. Species diversity at indirect measure sampling stations during the 2004 mammal inventory at Acadia National Park (Mount Desert Island-west)
33. Species diversity at indirect measure sampling stations during the 2004 mammal inventory at Acadia National Park (Mount Desert Island-east)
34. Locations of remote cameras and other detection devices, trapping equipment, and orientation of small-mammal trap lines used in the 2004 mammal inventory at Sagamore Hill National Historic Site
35. Species diversity at trapping and indirect measure sampling stations during the 2004 mammal inventory at Sagamore Hill National Historic Site
1. The number of mammal species that theoretically could occur in each of 10 project parks and the 90 percent documentation goal established by the National Park Service Inventory and Monitoring Program
2. Geographic information system (GIS) data layers used to develop strata for parks in the Northeast Temperate Network and Sagamore Hill National Historic Site mammal inventory
3. Temporal sampling scheme used in the mammal inventory at parks in the Northeast Temperate Network and Sagamore Hill National Historic Site
4. Indirect measure (IM) and trap station numbers, community type, GPS locations of the camera at IM stations and the start of the Longworth trap line, orientation of IM stations, and bearing of trap lines used in the 2004 mammal inventory at Weir Farm National Historic Site.
5. Community type associations of mammals detected at Weir Farm National Historic Site by indirect measure sampling, trapping, and observation
6. Mammal species detection rates and site occupancy at eight indirect measure stations at Weir Farm National Historic Site during two sampling sessions in 2004
7. Mammal capture rates and site occupancy for eight trapping stations (four with fox-sized live traps) at Weir Farm National Historic Site during sampling session 1 (1/20/2004–2/7/2004)
8. Mammal capture rates and site occupancy for eight trapping stations (four with fox-sized live traps) at Weir Farm National Historic Site during sampling session 2 (6/7/2004–6/22/2004)
9. Number of mammal specimens in museum collections and their proximity to Weir Farm National Historic Site
10. Indirect measure (IM) and trap station numbers, community type, GPS locations of the camera at IM stations and beginning of the Longworth trap lines, orientation of IM stations, and bearing of trap lines at Morristown National Historical Park
11. Community type associations of mammals detected at Morristown National Historical Park by indirect measure sampling, trapping, and observation
12. Mammal species detection rates and site occupancy at 11 indirect measure stations at Morristown National Historical Park during two sampling sessions in 2004
13. Mammal capture rates and site occupancy for 11 trapping stations (6 with fox-sized live traps) at Morristown National Historical Park during sampling session 2 (6/21/2004–7/7/2004)
14. Number of mammal specimens in museum collections and their proximity to Morristown National Historical Park
15. Indirect measure (IM) and trap station numbers, community type, GPS locations of the camera at IM stations and beginning of the Longworth trap lines, orientation of IM stations, and bearing of trap lines at Roosevelt-Vanderbilt National Historic Sites
16. Community type associations of mammals detected at Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site by indirect measure sampling, trapping, and observation
17. Community type associations of mammals detected at Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site by indirect measure sampling, trapping, and observation
18. Community type associations of mammals detected at Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site by indirect measure sampling, trapping, and observation
19. Mammal species detection rates and site occupancy at 12 indirect measure stations at Roosevelt-Vanderbilt National Historic Site during two sampling sessions in 2004
20. Mammal capture rates and site occupancy for 11 trapping stations (6 with fox-sized live traps) at Roosevelt-Vanderbilt National Historic Site during sampling session 2 (8/2/2004–8/18/2004)
21. Number of mammal specimens in museum collections and their proximity to Roosevelt-Vanderbilt National Historic Sites
22. Indirect measure (IM) and trap station numbers, community type, GPS locations of the camera at IM stations and beginning of the Longworth trap lines, orientation of IM stations, and bearing of trap lines at Minute Man National Historical Park
23. Community type associations of mammals detected at Minute Man National Historical Park by indirect measure sampling, trapping, and observation
24. Mammal species detection rates and site occupancy at 12 indirect measure stations at Minute Man National Historical Park during two sampling sessions in 2004
25. Mammal capture rates and site occupancy for 10 trapping stations (6 with fox-sized live traps) at Minute Man National Historical Park during sampling session 2 (7/19/2004–8/2/2004)
26. Number of mammal specimens in museum collections and their proximity to Minute Man National Historical Park
27. Locations of sampling equipment used for the mammal inventory at Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site and the community type where equipment was located
28. Community type associations of mammals detected at Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site by indirect measure sampling, trapping, and observation
29. Mammal species detection rates and site occupancy at two indirect measure stations at Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site during two sampling sessions in 2004
30. Mammal capture rates and site occupancy for two trapping stations at Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site during sampling session 2 (9/20/2004–10/4/2004)
31. Number of mammal specimens in museum collections and their proximity to Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site
32. Indirect measure (IM) and trap station numbers, community type, GPS locations of the camera at IM stations and beginning of the Longworth trap lines, orientation of IM stations, and bearing of trap lines at Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site
33. Community type associations of mammals detected at Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site by indirect measure sampling, trapping, and observation
34. Mammal species detection rates and site occupancy at 11 indirect measure stations at Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site during two sampling sessions in 2004
35. Mammal capture rates and site occupancy for 10 trapping stations (6 with fox-sized live traps) at Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site during sampling session 2 (9/27/2004–10/22/2004)
36. Number of mammal specimens in museum collections and their proximity to Saint-Gaudens National Historic Site
37. Indirect measure (IM) and trap station numbers, community type, GPS locations of the camera at IM stations and beginning of the Longworth trap lines, orientation of IM stations, and bearing of trap lines at Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park
38. Community type associations of mammals detected at Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park by indirect measure sampling, trapping, and observation
39. Mammal species detection rates and site occupancy at 14 indirect measure stations at Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park during two sampling sessions in 2004
40. Mammal capture rates and site occupancy for 12 trapping stations (6 with fox-sized live traps) at Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park during sampling session 2 (10/12/2004–10/26/2004)
41. Number of mammal specimens in museum collections and their proximity to Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park
42. Indirect measure (IM) and trap station numbers, community type, GPS locations of the camera at IM stations and beginning of the Longworth trap lines, orientation of IM stations, and bearing of trap lines at Saratoga National Historical Park
43. Community type associations of mammals detected at Saratoga National Historical Park by indirect measure sampling, trapping, and observation
44. Mammal species detection rates and site occupancy at 16 indirect measure stations at Saratoga National Historical Park during two sampling sessions in 2004
45. Mammal capture rates and site occupancy for 12 trapping stations (8 with fox-sized live traps) at Saratoga National Historical Park during sampling session 2 (11/1/2004–11/22/2004)
46. Mammal specimens in museum collections and their proximity to Saratoga National Historical Park
47. Mammal species identified in other studies at Acadia National Park
48. Indirect measure (IM) station numbers, community type, GPS locations of the camera at IM stations, and orientation of IM stations at Acadia National Park
49. Community type associations of mammals detected at Acadia National Park by indirect measure sampling, trapping, and observation
50. Mammal species detection rates and site occupancy at 12 indirect measure stations at Acadia National Park during one sampling session in 2004
51. Number of mammal specimens in museum collections and their proximity to Acadia National Park
52. Indirect measure (IM) and trap station numbers, community type, GPS locations of the camera at IM stations and beginning of the Longworth trap lines, orientation of IM stations, and bearing of trap lines at Sagamore Hill National Historic Site
53. Community type associations of mammals detected at Sagamore Hill National Historic Site by indirect measure sampling, trapping, and observation
54. Mammal species detection rates and site occupancy at seven indirect measure stations at Sagamore Hill National Historic Site during two sampling sessions in 2004
55. Mammal capture rates and site occupancy for seven trapping stations (four with fox-sized live traps) at Sagamore Hill National Historic Site during sampling session 2 (11/16/2004–11/23/2004)
56. Mammal specimens in museum collections and their proximity to Sagamore Hill National Historic Site
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