Martin, G.R., Fowler, K.K. and Arihood, L.D., 2016, Estimating Selected Low-Flow Frequency Statistics and Harmonic-Mean Flows for Ungaged, Unregulated Streams in Indiana, U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 5102, 45 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir-5102
U.S. Geological Survey
2016
Estimating Selected Low-Flow Frequency Statistics and Harmonic-Mean Flows for Ungaged, Unregulated Streams in Indiana
raster digital data
Reston, VA
U.S. Geological Survey
http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir2016-5102
U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior
Leslie D. Arihood
2016
Estimating Selected Low-Flow Frequency Statistics and Harmonic-Mean Flows for Ungaged, Unregulated Streams in Indiana, U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 5102, 45 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir-5102
report
U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report
SIR 2016-5102
Reston, VA
U.S. Geological Survey
http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir2016-5102
The unconsolidated units of Indiana encompasses all or parts of 92 counties. This raster data (grid) set was derived from a database of water-well drillers' records that was compiled in partial fulfillment of the goals of the U.S. Geological Survey’s Groundwater Availability and Use assessment program (U.S. Geological Survey, 2002). It is one of a series of four grids depicting hydrogeologic information for all areas of the State. Raster data sets derived from water-well drillers' records include the average hydraulic conductivity of the top 70 feet of unconsolidated deposits (K1), the average hydraulic conductivity of the entire thickness of the unconsolidated deposits (K2), the average transmissivity of the entire thickness of the unconsolidated deposits (T2), the average transmissivity of the entire thickness of the unconsolidated deposits within 1,000 ft from the streams (ST2). The grids are available for download in both American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) and Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) Grid formats. The original well-log data used to produce these grids are available fron the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Water Well Record Database, http://www.in.gov/dnr/water/3595.htm . These data have value for state-wide studies of water availability and aquifer vulnerability.
Grids of continuous hydrogeologic information can be used for estimating low-flow statistics for ungaged sites on unregulated stream reaches in Indiana.
This data set (x) is one in a series of four that represent hydrogeologic information for areas of Indiana:
(1) The average hydraulic conductivity (feet per day) of the top 70 feet of unconsolidated deposits (K1)
(2) The average hydraulic conductivity (feet per day)of the entire thickness of the unconsolidated deposits (K2)
(3) The average transmissivity (foot squared per day)of the entire thickness of the unconsolidated deposits (T2)
(4) The average transmissivity (foot squated per day)of the entire thickness of the unconsolidated deposits within 1,000 ft from the streams (ST2)
Refer to U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008-5184 for information and a detailed explanation of the methods used to generate each data set.
References
Arihood, L.D., 2009, Processing, analysis, and general evaluation of well-driller records for estimating
hydrogeologic parameters of the glacial sediments in a ground-water flow model of the Lake Michigan Basin:
U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5184, 26 p., accessed June 1, 2015 at URL
http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2008/5184/.]
Ignizio, D.A., O’Donnell, M.S., and Talbert, C.B., 2014, Metadata Wizard−An easy-to-use tool for creating
FGDC-CSDGM metadata for geospatial datasets in ESRI ArcDesktop: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report,
2014-1132, 14 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141132.
Mathey, S.B., ed., 1989, National water information system user’s manual, v. 2, chap. 4., Ground-Water Site Inventory
System: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89–587, 281 p.
Maupin, M.A., and Arnold, T.L., 2010, Estimates for self-supplied domestic withdrawals and population served for
selected principal aquifers, calendar year 2005: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1223, 10 p.
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1223/pdf/ofr20101223.pdf.
Maupin, M.A., and Barber, N.L., 2005, Estimated withdrawals from principal aquifers in the United States, 2000:
U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1279, 46 p. http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2005/1279/.
Olcott, P.G., 1992, Ground Water Atlas of the United States, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin: U.S. Geological
Survey Hydrology Atlas 730-J, accessed May 12, 2015, at http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ha730J/.
U.S. Geological Survey, 2002, Concepts for national assessment of water availability and use: U.S. Geological
Survey Circular 1223, 34 p.
U.S. Geological Survey, 2007, Facing tomorrow’s challenges—U.S. Geological Survey science in the decade 2007–2017:
U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1309, x + 70p.
Schweitzer, P.N., 1995, MP: a compiler for formal metadata (ver. 2.9.16, October 2012): U.S. Geological Survey
computer program, accessed August 15, 2014, at http://geology.usgs.gov/tools/metadata/.
Soller, D.R., and Reheis, M.C., compilers, 2004, Surficial materials in the conterminous United States: U.S.
Geological Survey Open-File Report 03–275, scale 1:5,000,000, accessed March 17, 2015, at
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/of03-275/.
2016
The water-well drillers' records compiled under this study represent a static version of the Indiana State-managed database which is continually updated as new well completion reports are submitted. The earliest and most recent completion dates noted in water-well drillers' records used by this study range between the years 1900-2000. Records added to the State-managed databases after they were received by the U.S. Geological Survey during the data-set retrieval of 2008 are not included.
None Planned
-88.166442
-84.679934
41.785016
37.758767
ISO 19115 Topic Category
geoscientificInformation
inlandWaters
environment
None
Glacial
Deposits
Aquifer
Coarse
Sediment
Sand
Gravel
Thickness
Hydrogeology
Hydraulic Conductivity
Transmissivity
Water Availability
Groundwater
None
Indiana
None. Please see 'Distribution Information' section for details.
The data provided in this raster data set are intended for interpretation at a state scale. Local discrepancies may occur for reasons noted in the 'Attribute Accuracy Report' section. Users are advised to read the metadata thoroughly to understand appropriate use and data limitations.
U.S. Geological Survey
Gary Martin
Hydrologist
mailing
9818 Bluegrass Parkway
Louisville
KY
40299
502-493-1914
grmartin@usgs.gov
http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir2016-5102
Illustration of dataset
JPEG
Collaboration on behalf of the State agencies and academic institutions that shared or made publicly available their water-well drillers' records was integral to the success of this study. Agencies listed in the 'Lineage' section are acknowledged for their contributions.
Environment as of Metadata Creation: Microsoft Windows 7 Version 6.1 (Build 7601) Service Pack 1; ESRI ArcCatalog 10.1 (Build 3035) Service Pack 1 (Build 3143)
Leslie Arihood
2016
The average hydraulic conductivity of the top 70 feet of unconsolidated deposits (K1)
Reston, Virginia
U.S. Geological Survey
http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir2016-5102
Leslie Arihood
2016
The average hydraulic conductivity of the entire thickness of the unconsolidated deposits (K2)
Reston, Virginia
U.S. Geological Survey
http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir2016-5102
Leslie Arihood
2016
The average transmissivity of the entire thickness of the unconsolidated deposits (T2)
Reston, Virginia
U.S. Geological Survey
http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir2016-5102
Leslie Arihood
2016
The average transmissivity of the entire thickness of the unconsolidated deposits within 1,000 ft from the streams (ST2)
Reston, Virginia
U.S. Geological Survey
http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir2016-5102
Accuracy of cell values in the hydrogeologic data sets are subject to the quality of information documented in water-well drillers' records and the methods used to process data. Sources of error include misinterpretations and generalizations of geologic materials documented during well construction, misclassification of free-text lithology descriptions to Groundwater Site Inventory (GWSI) codes, assumptions that were made in the methodology to derive hydrogeologic information, and the density and spatial distribution of well records used to interpolate values at unsampled locations.
Quality assurance was performed on the standardized database to delete and/or modify water-well drillers' records having incomplete data or violations of logical consistency. See the 'Process Step' section for details.
Water-well drillers' records added to State-managed databases after they were received by the U.S. Geological Survey during the time period of 2008 to 2015 are not included. Oil and gas well logs, and logs from other activities focused on mineral deposits, are another potential source of information, but were omitted because they generally do not provide detailed descriptions of unconsolidated lithologies or information from hydraulic testing. The degree of completeness with which fields in the standardized database are populated with values influences the spatial density and distribution of well records that are available for processing and thus, the quality of interpolated results. Data sets were only generated for states in the study area if required data elements were of sufficient completeness and spatial coverage to produce reliable results. Areas with very thin glacial deposits and areas with sparse well density were manually digitized and assigned null values where it was apparent that the attribute quality of interpolated values was degraded.
A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the data set has not been conducted.
A formal accuracy assessment of the vertical positional information in the data set has not been conducted.
Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water
unknown
digital well database (official title unknown)
tabular digital data
Indianapolis, IN
Indiana Department of Natural Resources
http://www.in.gov/dnr/
CD-ROM
1900 (earliest year of well completion in source data)
2000 (most recent year of well completion in source data)
most recent year of well completion in source data
IN DNR
the source provided a Borland® Paradox database (.db) containing information from water-well drillers' records in the state of Indiana
David Soller
Patricia Packard
1998
Digital representation of a map showing the thickness and character of Quaternary sediments in the glaciated United States east of the Rocky Mountains
map
U.S. Geological Digital Data Series
DDS-38
Reston, VA
U.S. Geological Survey
http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir2016-5102
online
1998
publication date
Soller and Packard
the source provided a map of the thickness of Quaternary sediments
Compiling and reformatting source data
Water-well drillers' records were compiled from sources listed in the 'Lineage' section and reformatted to adhere
with a logical database model. The model enforces uniformity in the names and domains of data elements and consists
of two tables joined in a one-to-many relationship. The first table, named 'General', contains one record per water
well and a set of fields that describe general well-site information such as latitude/longitude coordinates, well
depth, casing and screen lengths, aquifer-test data, and groundwater levels. The second table, named 'Lithology',
may contain many records per well-site with fields denoting the top and bottom depths of lithology units and a
field for texture descriptions.
Conversion to GWSI lithologies
Water-well drillers' records were processed using ESRI® ARC Macro Language (AML) programming to convert lithology
descriptions noted by well drillers into standard Ground-Water Site Inventory system (GWSI) lithology codes
(Mathey, 1989). The program compares substrings (e.g., sand and gravel) found in original descriptions with lines
in an interpretation file. Once converted to GWSI lithologies, lithology records were classified as being 'aquifer'
or 'nonaquifer' material, which are interchangeable with the terms 'coarse-grained' and 'fine-grained,' respectively.
Interpolation of hydrogeologic grids
Grids of hydrogeologic information were derived for Indiana. Tabular data
from the ‘General’ and ‘Lithology’ tables were exported from the standardized databases as two files
formatted in American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). The first file containing basic well-site
information was converted to an ESRI® point coverage. The second file containing lithology information was converted
to an ESRI® INFO table and joined with the point coverage of well-site information. The file that resulted from the
join was then processed by an AML program that 1) computed values of hydrogeologic information at well sites and 2)
interpolated continuous raster surfaces between well sites using the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method. A power
parameter of 2 was used in the distance function that controls the influence of surrounding well data on values at
interpolated locations. A default setting for output cell size was adopted which divides the longest dimension
(north-south or east-west) of the state by a value of 400.
Explanation of cell values (estimated hydraulic conductivity, feet per day)
Values of texture-based equivalent estimated hydraulic conductivity were calculated at well sites as the
weighted-arithmetic mean of the hydraulic conductivities of layered 'aquifer' and 'non-aquifer' material
in the driller's log. Lithology units classified as 'aquifer' and 'non-aquifer' material were assumed to have hydraulic conductivities of 100 feet per day (ft/d) and 1 ft/d, respectively. Weights were assigned on the basis of the proportional thickness of lithology units. The computed values are representative of the entire thickness of glacial deposits penetrated by the well.
Merging state grids
The grids generated for the state were resampled to a cell size of 800 square meters and combined into a single
uniformly spaced grid using bilinear interpolation. Cell size for the grid was chosen on the basis of well density.
Well density was often as high as 4 wells per square mile. If a square mile is divided evenly into four sub areas
(each area represented by one well), then those areas would be 2,460 square feet, or about 804 square meters.
Rounding this cell size to 800 square meters yields a cell spacing of approximately one cell per 0.25 miles.
Quality assurance
Hydrogeologic grids were only generated if required data elements were of sufficient completeness and
spatial coverage to produce reliable results. A target well density of 0.3 wells per square mile, or 3 wells per 10
square miles, was used as a means to gauge whether the number of well records in an area was satisfactory. Prior to
executing the IDW interpolation algorithm, processing was performed to delete and/or modify records that did not meet
the data processing requirements or were found to violate any of a series of logical consistency checks.
- Well records lacking geographic coordinates were deleted.
- Well records where the upper elevation of a formation was higher than the base of the overlying formation
were deleted.
- Well records containing bedrock formations positioned above glacial deposits were deleted.
- Negative values of total glacial sediment thickness, calculated by subtracting bedrock elevation from the
land-surface elevation, were assigned a value of one foot.
- Land-surface elevations were compared with published maximum and minimum elevations for each state in the
study area and records having elevations that exceed those extremes by 20 feet were deleted.
- Well records having anomalous values of hydrogeologic information were deleted.
Tools used to prepare metadata
The Metadata Wizard version 1.2.4 was used to generate an initial version of this metadata from the input
data set and validation was performed using Metadata Parser (MP) version 2.9.16. Errors reported by MP were
examined and addressed. These tools were developed by Drew Ignizio, Colin Talbert, and Michael O'Donnell
at the U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center (Ignizio and others, 2014) and Peter Schweitzer
of the U.S. Geological Survey (Schweitzer, 1995).
2015
Raster
Grid Cell
1908
5205
1
NAD 1983 UTM ZONE 16N (ESRI Full Name: NAD_1983_UTM)
29.5
45.5
-96.0
23.0
0.0
0.0
row and column
800.0
800.0
Meter
D_North_American_1983
GRS_1980
6378137.0
298.257222101
Attribute Table
Table containing attribute information associated with the data set.
Producer defined
Value
Hydraulic conductivity of the unconsolidated deposits overlying bedrock, in feet per day.
Producer defined
0.5489119291305542
100
feet per day
Cell values are expressed in units of feet per day, which represent the horizontal hydraulic conductivity of unconsolidated deposits overlying bedrock.
Martin, G.R., Fowler, K.K. and Arihood, L.D., 2016, Estimating Selected Low-Flow Frequency Statistics and Harmonic-Mean Flows for Ungaged, Unregulated Streams in Indiana, U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 5102, 45 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir-5102
U.S. Geological Survey
Water Webserver Team
mailing and physical address
12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, MS 440
Reston
VA
20192
USA
1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS)
http://water.usgs.gov/user_feedback_form.html
Although these data have been used by the U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, no
warranty expressed or implied is made by the U.S. Geological Survey as to the accuracy of the data and related materials.
The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the U.S. Geological
Survey in the use of this data, software, or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive
purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
ESRI Grid
Online accessible data
WinZip compressed file
11.600
http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir2016-5102
ASCII (floating point)
Online accessible data
WinZip compressed file
10.660
http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir2016-5102
None. No fees are applicable for obtaining the data set.
20160415
U.S. Geological Survey
Ask USGS -- Water Webserver Team
mailing address
445 National Center
Reston
VA
20192
USA
1-888-275-8747 (1-888-ASK-USGS)
hhttp://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sir2016-5102
FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
FGDC-STD-001-1998
local time