Revision History for U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2025-5021 World Minerals Outlook--Cobalt, Gallium, Helium, Lithium, Magnesium, Palladium, Platinum, and Titanium Through 2029 By Elisa Alonso, Amanda S. Brioche, Ruth F. Schulte, Loyd M. Trimmer, Ji-Eun Kim, Andrew L. Gulley, and David G. Pineault ----------------------------------------------------- First posted online March 11, 2025 ----------------------------------------------------- Revised and reposted March 14, 2025, as version 1.1 Revisions and changes incorporated into version 1.1 are described below: On the front cover, the atomic weights were updated to the values in the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry periodic table, from "6.938" to "6.94" for lithium, from "47.88" to "47.867" for titanium, from "38.933" to "58.933" for cobalt, and from "63.723" to "69.723" for gallium. On the back of the front cover, a diagram of the front cover was added to indicate which image was which, and a cover caption was added, as follows: "A. Gas discharge spectrum for helium. Photograph credit to Wikimedia Commons user Alchemist-hp (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Helium_discharge_tube.jpg). This photograph is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). B. Lithium crystals. Photograph credit to Fan Haocheng (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lithium_crystals.jpg). This photograph is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en) and was not modified C. A titanium crystal bar of high purity (99.995 percent) made by an iodide process in the USSR. Photograph credit to Wikimedia Commons user Alchemist-hp (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Titan-crystal_bar.JPG). This photograph is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en). D. Solid gallium, spiral melted merged with another piece. Photograph credit is to the “Images of Elements” website (http://images-of-elements.com/gallium.php). This photograph is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). E. A chunk of vapor-deposited magnesium crystals. Photograph credit to Warut Roonguthai (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Magnesium_crystals.jpg). This photograph is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en). F. Cobalt is a ferromagnetic, ductile metal that is similar to iron but much rarer. Photograph credit is to the “Images of Elements” website (https://images-of-elements.com/cobalt.php). This photograph is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). G. Palladium crystal, about 1 gram. Photograph credit is to the “Images of Elements” website (https://images-of-elements.com/palladium.php). This photograph is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). H. Platinum nugget. Photograph credit is to Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com, (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Platinum-t07-103b.jpg). This photograph is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en)." On p. 3, right-hand column, four lines down, ", including" was added after the word "programs" and seven lines down, remove "mineral" before "industry investment." On p. 8, in the Explanation of figure 4, the gray colors were updated to match those in the figure for "World recent operating capacity" and "World idled capacity before 2024," and "Republic of Korea" was changed to "South Korea" to match the figure caption. On p. 13, caption for figure 12, first sentence, text was changed from "capacity outlook of palladium, in metric tons, palladium metal content," to "outlook capacity of palladium (metal content), in metric tons,". On p. 14, left-hand column, final paragraph, second sentence, "However" was deleted at the beginning of the sentence and "but uncertainty remains" was added to the end of the sentence. On p. 15, caption for figure 14, first sentence, text was changed from "capacity outlook of platinum, in metric tons, platinum metal content," to "outlook capacity of platinum (metal content), in metric tons,". On p. 16, caption for figure 16, first sentence, removed "mine" before production and changed text from "capacity outlook" to "outlook capacity."