U.S. Geological Survey, Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations Book 2, Chapter E1
By W. Scott Keys and L. M. MacCary
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This manual is intended to be a guide for hydrologists using borehole geophysics in ground-water studies. The emphasis is on the application and interpretation of geophysical well logs, and not on the operation of a logger. It describes in detail those logging techniques that have been utilized within the Water Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, and those used in petroleum investigations that have potential application to hydrologic problems. Most of the logs described can be made by commercial logging service companies, and many can be made with small water-well loggers. The general principles of each technique and the rules of log interpretation are the same, regardless of differences in instrumentation. Geophysical well logs can be interpreted to determine the lithology, geometry, resistivity, formation factor, bulk density, porosity, permeability, moisture content, and specific yield of water-bearing rocks, and to define the source, movement, and chemical and physical characteristics of ground water. Numerous examples of logs are used to illustrate applications and interpretation in various ground-water environments. The interrelations between various types of logs are emphasized, and the following aspects are described for each of the important logging techniques: Principles and applications, instrumentation, calibration and standardization, radius of investigation, and extraneous effects.
Preface
Glossary
Abstract
Introduction
Background.
Purpose and scope
Why log?
Limitations
Lithologic parameters
Resistivity
Formation factor
Permeability.
Porosity
Specific yield
Grain size
Fluid parameters
Fluid conductivity
Fluid temperature
Fluid movement
Moisture content
Log interpretation
Qualitative interpretation
Quantitative interpretation
Log calibration
Standardization and log accuracy.
Composite interpretation
Geometric effects
Radius of investigation
Bed-thickness effects
Borehole effects
Hole-diameter effects
Casing effects
Drilling effects
Logging equipment
Spontaneous-potential logging
Principles and applications
Instrumentation
Calibration and standardization
Radius of investigation
Extraneous effects
Resistance logging
Principles and applications
Instrumentation
Calibration and standardization
Radius of investigation
Extraneous effects
Resistivity logging
Normal devices
Principles and applications
Instrumentation
Calibration and standardization
Bed-thickness effects
Lateral devices
Principles and applications
Instrumentation
Bed-thickness effects
Wall-resistivity devices
Focused devices
Induction device
Principles and applications
Instrumentation
Calibration and standardization
Radius of investigation
Extraneous effects
Nuclear logging
Fundamentals of nuclear geophysics
Characteristics of radiation
Radiation statistics
Radiation detection
Quantitative interpretation
Natural-gamma logging
Principles and applications
Instrumentation
Calibration and standardization
Radius of investigation
Extraneous effects
Gamma spectrometry
Gamma-gamma logging
Principles and applications
Instrumentation
Calibration and standardization
Radius of investigation
Extraneous effects
Neutron logging
Principles and applications
Instrumentation
Calibration and standardization
Radius of investigation
Extraneous effects
The use of radioisotopes in well logging
Acoustic logging
Principles and applications
Continued Instrumentation
Calibration and standardization
Radius of investigation
Extraneous effects
Caliper logging
Principles and applications
Instrumentation
Calibration and standardization
Radius of investigation and extraneous effects
Temperature logging
Principles and applications
Instrumentation
Calibration and extraneous effects
Fluid-conductivity_logging
Principles and applications
Instrumentation
Calibration and extraneous effects
Fluid-movement logging
Principles and applications
Instrumentation
Calibration and extraneous effects
Casing logs
Selected references
Index
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