By Linda C. Friedman and David E. Erdmann
Preface
Contributors
Abstract
Introduction
Purpose
Scope
Definitions
References
Analytical methods development procedures
Single operator precision
Bias
Chemical interferences
Intralaboratory precision and bias
Interlaboratory precision
Acceptance or rejection of a new method
Standard quantitative analysis techniques
Cleaning glassware
Correction for color interference
Gravimetry
Reagents and gases
Standard-addition technique
Titrimetry
Instrumental techniques
Instrument maintenance
Analytical balances
Atomic absorption spectrometers
Automated analyzers
Calorimetric spectrometers
Conductivity meters
Gas chromatographs
Potentiometers
Reference material
Preparation of ampouled concentrates
Preparation of natural water reference material
Development of statistical data for standard reference water samples
Laboratory quality control
Biological quality control
Analysis of aquatic organisms (benthic invertebrates, phytoplankton, and periphyton)
Bacteriological analysis
Inorganic quality control
Atomic absorption analysis
Automated calorimetric or potentiometric analysis
Automated measurement of specific conductance and pH
Calorimetric analysis
Determination of color or turbidity
Determination of pH
Determination of solids concentration
Determination of specific conductance
Electrometric titration (alkalinity and acidity)
Organic quality control
Gas chromatographic analysis
Quality control charts
Quality control duties and responsibilities of section leader
Quality assurance monitoring
Analytical data review and quality assurance
Reference material submitted by laboratory management
Reference material submitted from outside the laboratory
Reference material submitted to cooperator and contractor laboratories
Reference material use in monitoring field pH and specific conductance measurements
Quality assurance and quality control personnel
Documentation, summary, and evaluation of data
Required documentation and review of data
Evaluation of field reference material data
Initial evaluation of cooperator and contractor laboratories
Methods for data summation and evaluations: tabular presentations
Methods used for data evaluation: graphical presentations
Methods used for data evaluation: t-test
Methods used for data evaluation: a test of laboratory variance
Materials evaluation
Selection of sample
Single sampling with operating characteristic curves
Single sampling plans, to obtain lots of acceptable quality
Double sampling plans, to obtain lots of acceptable quality
Sequential sampling plans, to obtain lots of acceptable quality
Reducing sample inspection
Appendix
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