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Changes in Ground-Water Quality near Two Granular-Iron Permeable Reactive Barriers in a Sand and Gravel Aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1997–2000By Jennifer G. Savoie, Douglas B. Kent, Richard L. Smith,
Denis R. LeBlanc, U.S. Geological Survey, and
David W. Hubble, University of Waterloo
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Abstract 1
Introduction 2
Permeable Reactive Barriers 2
Geochemical Conditions 5
Acknowledgments 5
Monitoring Changes in Ground-Water Quality 6
Installation of Monitoring Wells 6
Well Selection and Sampling Frequency 6
Ground-Water-Sample Collection and Field Water-Quality Measurements 6
Water-Sample Analysis 9
Ground-Water Quality Downgradient from the Permeable Reactive Barriers 10
Observed Ground-Water Quality 11
Specific Conductance, Sodium, and Chloride 11
Dissolved Oxygen 11
pH and Alkalinity 12
Nitrate, Ammonium, and Sulfate 14
Total and Dissolved Organic Carbon, Dissolved Inorganic Carbon, and Methane 14
Major Cations and Boron 14
Dissolved Iron, Phosphorus, and Trace Elements 15
Tetrachloroethene 16
Changes in Ground-Water Quality 17
Estimated Ground-Water Velocity 17
Effects of Zero-Valent-Iron Corrosion 19
Changes in Concentrations of Ground-Water Solutes 19
Dissolved Oxygen 20
Nitrate and Ammonium 20
Sulfate 21
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon 21
Methane 22
Arsenic, Manganese, Cobalt, and Phosphorus 22
Changes in Chemical Conditions Within the Zone Downgradient from the B-Wall 23
Summary and Conclusions 24
References Cited 26
Appendix 1. The Robowell Automated Sampling System by Kirk P. Smith 77
1, 2. Maps showing:
1. Locations of the granular-iron permeable reactive barrier test site, the Chemical Spill-10 plume, and the altitude of the water table, Cape Cod, Massachusetts 3
2. Locations of monitoring wells, the Robowell sampling system, and the A-wall and B-wall permeable reactive barriers 4
3. Longitudinal section along A-A¢ showing the locations of monitoring wells and the A-wall and B-wall permeable reactive barriers 7
4–9. Time-series plots of:
4. Specific conductance at wells RW 24B-0104 and RW 27-0102A, and dissolved chloride and sodium concentrations at well RW 24B-0104, July 1997 to February 2000 12
5. Dissolved oxygen concentrations and pH at wells RW 24B-0104 and RW 27-0102A, and alkalinity at well RW 24B-0104, July 1997 to February 2000 13
6. Dissolved nitrate, ammonium, and sulfate concentrations at well RW 24B-0104, July 1997 to February 2000 15
7. Dissolved organic carbon, dissolved inorganic carbon including carbon dioxide, and methane concentrations at well RW 24B-0104, July 1997 to February 2000 16
8. Dissolved calcium, magnesium, potassium, boron, and sodium concentrations at well RW 24B-0104, July 1997 to February 2000 17
9. Dissolved iron, manganese, arsenic, cobalt, and phosphorus concentrations at well RW 24B-0104, July 1997 to February 2000 18
1. Location coordinates, top-of-casing and well-screen altitudes, water levels, and distances downgradient from A- and B-walls for monitoring wells near the granular-iron permeable reactive barriers, Massachusetts Military Reservation, Cape Cod, Massachusetts page 8
2. Selected inorganic-solute concentrations for quality-control samples page 10
3. Limitations of quantitation and relative precisions and accuracies for inorganic solutes page 10
4. Field water-quality analyses for ground-water samples collected near the granular-iron permeable reactive barriers, 1997–2000 page 31
5. Selected field water-quality analyses for ground-water samples collected by the Robowell system at well RW 27-0102A near the granular-iron permeable reactive barriers, June 1998 to October 1999 page 38
6. Anions and ammonium analyses for ground-water samples collected near the granular-iron permeable reactive barriers, 1997–2000 page 41
7. Carbon species analyses for ground-water samples collected near the granular-iron permeable reactive barriers, 1997–2000 page 49
8. Major- and minor-element analyses for ground-water samples collected near the granular-iron permeable reactive barriers, 1997–2000 page 55
9. Trace-element analyses for ground-water samples collected near the granular-iron permeable reactive barriers, 1997–2000 page 64
10. Tetrachloroethene analyses for ground-water samples collected near the granular-iron permeable reactive barriers, 1997–2000 page 71
This report is presented in Portable Document Format (PDF).
Printable tabloid cover (220 KB) --1 page
Report (3.0 MB) --84 pages
The citation for this report, in USGS format:
Savoie, J.G., Kent, D.B., Smith, R.L., LeBlanc, D.R., Hubble, D.W., 2004, Changes in Ground-Water Quality near Two Granular-Iron Permeable Reactive Barriers in a Sand and Gravel Aquifer, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1997–2000: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4309, 84 p.
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