Below are the CMYK percent
shade values for each lithophysiographic domain as it appears on plate
2 of 2:
Domain C
M Y K
----------------------------
T 60 20 30
0
S 30 7
7 0
Y 40 0
40 0
H 0 14
27 0
N 40 70 80
0
C 20 40 70
0
B 14 56 16
0
M 20 90 40
0
Z 0 80
80 0
Other_References_Cited:
Sources of Map and Geologic Data.
Billings, M.P., 1955, Geologic Map of New Hampshire: Reston, VA, U.S. Geological Survey, 1:250,000.
Doll, C.G., Cady, W.M., and Thompson, J.B., Jr., and Billings, M.P., eds. and compilers, 1961, Centennial Geology Map of Vermont: Montpelier, VT, U.S. Geological Survey, 1:250,000, 1 sheet. (transverse mercator projection, based on best available information).
Fisher, D.W., Isachsen, Y.W., and Rickard, L.V., eds., 1970, Geologic Map of New York, Lower Hudson Sheet: New York State Museum and Science Service, Map and Chart Series No. 5, 1:250,000 (UTM projection).
Hermes, O.D., Gromet, L.P., and Murray, D.P., 1994, Bedrock Geologic Map of Rhode Island: Kingston, RI, Office of the Rhode Island State Geologist, Rhode Island Map Series No:1, scale 1:100,000, 1 sheet (transverse mercator projection, zone 19).
Leahy, P.P., Rosenshein, J.S., and Knopman, D.S., 1990, Implementation plan for the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-174, 10 p.
Lyons, J.B., Bothner, W.A., Moench, R.H., and Thompson, J.B., Jr., 1986, Interim Geologic Map of New Hampshire: Reston, VA, U.S. Geological Survey, 1:250,000, 1 sheet (Lambert conformal conic projection, standard parallels 33 and 45 degrees).
Moench, R.H., ed., 1984, Geologic maps of the Sherbrooke-Lewiston Area, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-0650, 1:250,000.
Moench, R.H., Boone, G.M., Bothner, W.A., Boudette, E.L., Hatch, N.L., Jr., Hussey II, A.M., and Marvinney, R.G., 1995, Geologic map of the Sherbrooke-Lewiston Area, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, United States, and Quebec, Canada: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1898-D, 1:250,000, 2 sheets (transverse mercator projection).
Rogers, J., 1985, Bedrock geological map of Connecticut: Hartford, Conn., Connecticut Geologic and Natural History Survey, 1:125,000, 2 sheets (polyconic projection, zones 18 and 19).
Smoot, J.P., 1991, Sedimentary facies and depositional environments of early Mesozoic Newark Supergroup basins, eastern North America: Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, v. 84, p. 369-423.
Zen, E-an, Goldsmith, G.R., Ratcliffe, N.L., Robinson, P., and Stanley,
R.S., 1983, Bedrock geologic map of Massachusetts: Washington, D.C., U.S.
Geological Survey, 1:250,000, 3 sheets.
Notes:
(A) DEVELOPMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF THE LITHOGEOCHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION SCHEME: A wide variety of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks with varying types and thicknesses of overlying surficial materials are present in the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins. The rock types are described on bedrock geologic maps at scales of 1:250,000 to 1:100,000 that are available for the six States in the study area. These maps collectively contain nearly 600 mappable rock units, which are defined by time-stratigraphic and other geologic criteria that may not be directly relevant to water quality. Moreover, the rock units depicted on the State geologic maps are inconsistent across State boundaries in some areas. Thus, a study-area-wide coding scheme was developed to classify the geologic map units according to mineralogical and chemical characteristics that are relevant for water-quality investigations.
Rock types may be classified for water-quality purposes according to the chemical composition and relative susceptibility to weathering of their constituent minerals. Although climatic, geologic, geochemical, biochemical, and anthropogenic factors all influence water quality, reaction of water with rock and soil minerals through weathering reactions is a principal source of major and trace constituents of most natural waters. Consequently, the chemical character of soil water, surface water, and shallow ground water in a drainage basin commonly is similar (Vebel, 1985; White, 1995, p. 438-440), and the chemical compositions of the natural waters and the rock types with which they are in contact are related (Rose and others, 1979, p. 352-354). Among water-quality characteristics potentially affected by weathering reactions are the total dissolved-solids concentrations, relative concentrations of most major dissolved ions (calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, sulfate, and bicarbonate), pH, hardness, alkalinity, acid-neutralizing capacity, and redox conditions.
Although weathering rates may vary, the relative stability of different minerals during weathering in moist climates generally is consistent. The observed relative stability of common rock-forming silicate minerals in chemical weathering in temperate humid climates by Goldich (1938) is, in order of increasing stability: olivine < augite < hornblende < biotite < potash feldspar < muscovite < quartz; and calcic plagioclase < calc-alkalic plagioclase < alkali-calcic plagioclase < alkalic plagioclase < potash feldspar < muscovite < quartz. This arrangement is similar to Bowen's reaction series, which defines the order of successive mineral formation during magmatic crystallization (Bowen, 1922); minerals that crystallize earlier in the sequence are more readily weathered. Most igneous rock types (and metamorphic rock types with similar mineral assemblages) are described and defined according to the presence and relative abundance of these minerals. Thus, igneous and metamorphic rocks can be arranged on this basis into a lithogeochemical classification scheme that reflects their relative "weatherability".
Sedimentary rocks contain many of the same minerals as igneous and metamorphic rocks, as well as carbonate minerals and secondary minerals such as clays, oxides, and hydroxides. Jackson and others (1948) determined a weathering sequence for fine-grained minerals in soils that includes these minerals (in order of increasing stability): gypsum (and halite and other salts) < calcite (and dolomite, aragonite, etc.) < olivine-pyroxene-hornblende < biotite (and chlorite, etc.) < albite (and anorthite, microcline, etc.) < quartz < illite (muscovite) < hydrous micas-clays < Al-hydroxides < Fe-Ti oxides and hydroxides. This sequence reflects the rapid dissolution in water of salts, gypsum (and other soluble sulfate minerals), and to a lesser degree carbonate minerals. Plagioclase and ferromagnesian minerals, such as olivines, pyroxenes, amphiboles, and to a lesser degree biotite, are less soluble than salts and sulfates but are weathered more rapidly than alkali-feldspars, muscovite, or quartz, which are relatively inert and insoluble.
Most igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks are complex mixtures of minerals. The effects on water quality of contact with any particular rock type depend on the rock's mineralogical and chemical composition and its weatherability. A rock's weatherability reflects the relative proportions of its constituent minerals as well as other factors, such as its degree of induration and the relative amount of mineral surfaces exposed to water through its primary and secondary porosity, which, in turn, are caused by joints, fractures, and dissolution. Thus, although ultimately based on the relative stability of rocks' constituent minerals, classification schemes to group rock types according to their effect on water quality are less determinate and more complex than the mineral-stability sequences. Moreover, most common rock-forming minerals are only sparingly soluble, so that small amounts of highly reactive minerals can have large effects on water quality. For example, the presence of carbonate minerals is an important factor in humid temperate climates, where rocks rich in carbonate minerals and clastic rocks cemented by carbonates are more rapidly weathered and tend to produce higher solute concentrations in natural waters than other rock types. In contrast, granites, schists and quartzites, which are similarly rich in alkali-feldspar, muscovite, and quartz, produce lower solute concentrations because they react to a lesser degree and at slower rates than other rock types in humid temperate climates.
Several classification schemes relating the composition of natural waters to the bedrock geology of the source area have been developed (see Garrels, 1967; Garrels and MacKenzie, 1967; White and others, 1963), but none is definitive (Hem, 1989, Clarke, 1924, p.8). White and others (1963) described ground waters of low solute concentration by association with 11 common rock types: (1) granite, rhyolite, and similar types, (2) gabbro, basalt, and ultramafic rocks, (3) andesite, diorite, and syenite, (4) sandstone, arkose, and graywacke, (5) siltstone, clay, and shale, (6) limestone, (7) dolomite, (8) quartzite, (9) marble, (10) slate, schist, and gneiss, and (11) unconsolidated sands and gravels. Amiotte-Suchet and Probst (1993) found that solute fluxes and rates of chemical weathering in 200 small monolithologic drainage basins in France were significantly different when the drainage basins were grouped according to to seven lithologic categories (in order of decreasing solute contribution): (1) evaporites, (2) carbonate rocks (limestone, dolomite, chalk, and marl), (3) argillaceous rocks (clays, shale, slate), (4) basalt, (5) sandstone, arkose, and graywacke, (6) felsic volcanic rocks (rhyolite, andesite, and (7) plutonic and metamorphic rocks (granite, gneiss, and schist).
Bedrock lithologic classification schemes also have been used to evaluate the effects of acid deposition on ecosystems. Glass and others (1982) classified rocks in New York State into four groups according to their ability to neutralize acid deposition: (1) granite, syenite, granitic gneiss, quartz sandstone, or equivalents (low or no buffering capacity); (2) shales, sandstones, conglomerates, high-grade metamorphic to intermediate volcanic rocks, intermediate igneous rocks, and calc-silicate gneisses (low to medium buffering capacity); (3) slightly calcareous, low-grade intermediate to mafic volcanic, ultramafic, and glassy volcanic rocks (medium to high buffering capacity); and (4) highly fossiliferous sediments or metamorphic equivalents, limestones, dolomites (very high buffering capacity); the purpose of the work by Glass and others was to identify regions most sensitive to acid deposition on a State-wide basis. Similar types of regional lithogeochemical mapping has been done in the southern Appalachians, where acid-base status is a critical factor in maintaining ecosystem structure in upland forested basins. In the southernmost Blue Ridge Physiographic Province (east side) of Maryland, Bricker and Rice (1989) noted bedrock lithologic controls by rock type (granite, greenstone, quartzite, phyllite, and limestone) on stream-water quality and acidification in basins. Webb and others (1994), studying trout streams in the Virginia Blue Ridge, Valley and Ridge, and Plateau Physiographic Provinces, classified bedrock type into high, medium, and low acid-neutralizing capacity by relating stream-water chemistry to bedrock type. This classification scheme was used to generate a map showing predicted sensitivity to acid deposition for stream waters in southern Appalachian Mountain basins (Peper and others, 1995).
The lithogeochemical classification scheme used in this data layer incorporates the observed relative stability of minerals, described above, classification criteria such as used in the cited previous studies, and characteristics of bedrock geology of the study area (such as the presence of a distinct sedimentary basin, the Mesozoic Basin in Connecticut and Massachusetts). The lithogeochemical classification scheme consists of 29 rock types (28 types occur in the study area) that are based on weatherability and the presence of carbonate and sulfide minerals. Carbonate and sulfide minerals are distinguished because these highly reactive minerals may have a disproportionately large effect on water chemistry. High calcium and bicarbonate (alkalinity) concentrations can result from the dissolution of relatively sparse carbonate minerals in rocks; high sulfate and metal concentrations can result from trace amounts or local concentrations of sulfide minerals exposed to oxidation and dissolution. The 29 units are further grouped into 6 major categories. Additional information on development of the classification scheme can be found in Robinson (1997).
A detailed description of the classification scheme and associated expected water-quality and ecosystem characteristics follows. The water-quality and ecosystem characteristics presented below are intended primarily to describe characteristics relative to other rock units within the lithogeochemical classification scheme. These characteristics were determined from geochemical principles and previous studies (some cited above) on the relation of rock type and water-quality and ecosystem characteristics. Topographic characteristics described below are based on geologic and geochemical principles and regional physiographic trends; these characteristics are incorporated into the lithophysiographic domains described below.
LITHO_UNIT: 11 (not in the CONN NAWQA study area) DESCRIPTION: limestone, dolomite, and carbonate-rich clastic sediments MAJOR CATEGORY: carbonate-rich rocks CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: high alkalinity, calcium, and bicarbonate concentrations; high pH; may have high concentrations of sulfate and solutes complexed by bicarbonate ion, such as arsenic and uranium SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: low sensitivity to acid deposition; flora favoring alkaline, high- calcium soils may occur; productive aquatic faunas SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: generally thin alkaline clay soils; high calcium, low potassium availability; may form iron-gossan in weathered sulfide-rich facies TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: generally lowlands and topographic depressions; may be sites of stream and river channels, ponds, lakes, and ground-water discharge LITHO_UNIT: 12 DESCRIPTION: marble, including dolomitic marble; may include some calc-silicate rock MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 11 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: same as 11 SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: same as 11 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: same as 11 TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: same as 11 LITHO_UNIT: 12s DESCRIPTION: sulfidic marble; may include some calc-silicate rock MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 11 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: same as 11 SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: same as 11 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: same as 11 TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: same as 11 LITHO_UNIT: 13 DESCRIPTION: calcareous clastic and metaclastic rocks containing approximately 15 to 45 percent carbonate minerals MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 11 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: same as 11 SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: same as 11 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: same as 11 TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: same as 11 LITHO_UNIT: 21 DESCRIPTION: tan and red mudstone and shale; may include sandstone; locally contains minor carbonate and(or) sulfate (gypsum) minerals MAJOR CATEGORY: carbonate-poor, clastic sedimentary rocks restricted to distinct depositional basins (bedded lithologies below biotite- grade of regional metamorphism) CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: generally high sodium and sometimes high calcium and sulfate concentrations; ground water may have moderate to high solute concentrations where acidic or high sulfate concentrations exist; iron concentrations may be high in ground water where Eh and pH are low; distinct ground-water types may be localized within the area of the depositional basin SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: low to moderate sensitivity to acid deposition SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: clay soils; variably neutral to acidic TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: variable; generally lowlands with subdued topography in the study area LITHO_UNIT: 21cs DESCRIPTION:description calcareous, locally sulfidic, gray mudstone and shale MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 21 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: same as 21 SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: same as 21 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: same as 21 TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: same as 21 LITHO_UNIT: 22 DESCRIPTION: interbedded mudstone, shale, and siltstone; may contain sandstone MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 21 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: same as 21 SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: same as 21 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: same as 21 TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: same as 21 LITHO_UNIT: 23 DESCRIPTION: sandstone and interbedded sandstone and conglomerate; may contain siltstone, shale, and mudstone MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 21 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: same as 21 SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: same as 21 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: same as 21 TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: same as 21 LITHO_UNIT: 31 DESCRIPTION: slate and graywacke MAJOR CATEGORY: metamorphosed clastic sedimentary rocks (primarily non-calcareous; may include felsic and mafic metavolcanic rocks; rocks may be foliated, recrystallized, highly deformed; highly variable rock types may be exposed in individual drainage basins) CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: low to moderate solute concentrations; generally low calcium-to-sodium ratios; variable potassium-to-sodium ratios; higher calcium concentrations when slightly calcareous SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: moderate to high sensitivity to acid deposition SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: rocky soils TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: uplands and ridges LITHO_UNIT: 31s DESCRIPTION: graphitic and sulfidic slate and graywacke MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 31 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: low to moderate solute concentrations; iron concentrations may be high in ground water where Eh and pH are low; sulfate concentrations may be high SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: moderately sensitive to acid deposition; endemic floras may occur in acidic metal-rich soils over sulfide-rich horizons SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: rocky acidic soils; acidic metal-rich soils may occur TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: same as 31 LITHO_UNIT: 32 DESCRIPTION: pelitic schist and phyllite; may include granofels MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 31 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: same as 31 SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: same as 31 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: clay soils TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: moderate hills LITHO_UNIT: 32c DESCRIPTION: pelitic schist and phyllite; may include granofels; calcareous MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 31 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: same as 31, but with higher calcium concentrations likely SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: same as 31 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: same as 32 TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: same as 32 LITHO_UNIT: 32s DESCRIPTION: sulfidic schist; may include sulfidic granofels MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 31 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: same as 31s SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTIC: same as 31s SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: clay soils (same as 32); acidic metal-rich soils may occur TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: low to moderate hills LITHO_UNIT: 32cs DESCRIPTION: pelitic schist and phyllite; may include granofels; calcareous and sulfidic MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 31 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: similar to 32c and 32s SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: similar to 32c and 32s SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: similar to 32c and 32s TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: similar to 32c and 32s LITHO_UNIT: 33 DESCRIPTION: mixed schist, granofels, and gneiss MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 31 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: same as 31 SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: same as 31 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: clay to sandy soils TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: low to moderate rolling hills LITHO_UNIT: 33c DESCRIPTION: mixed schist, granofels, and gneiss; slightly calcareous MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 31 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: same as 31, but with higher calcium concentrations likely SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: same as 31 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: same as 33 TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: same as 33 LITHO_UNIT: 33s DESCRIPTION: sulfide-bearing schistose granofels and mixed schist and gneiss (sulfidic character may be local) MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 31 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: same as 31s SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: same as 31s SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: clay to sandy soils (same as 33); acidic metal- rich soils may occur TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: low hills LITHO_UNIT: 34 DESCRIPTION: quartzose metasandstone, quartzite, quartz granofels, and quartzose gneiss MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 31 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: generally low solute concentrations; low pH; high potassium-to-sodium ratios SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTIC: same as 31 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: sandy to rocky soils TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: same as 31 LITHO_UNIT: 34c DESCRIPTION: quartzose metasandstone, quartzite, quartz granofels, and quartzose gneiss; locally includes schistose or calcareous units MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 31 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: same as 34 SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: same as 31 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: same as 34 TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: same as 31 LITHO_UNIT: 35 DESCRIPTION: interlayered granitic gneiss, schist, mafic gneiss, and amphibolite MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 31 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: low to moderate solute concentrations, variable calcium- and magnesium-to-sodium ratios SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: variable sensitivity to acid deposition SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: clay to sandy soils TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: low to moderate rolling hills, uplands, and highlands LITHO_UNIT: 41 DESCRIPTION: basalt MAJOR CATEGORY: mafic igneous rocks and their metamorphic equivalents CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: high calcium- and magnesium-to- sodium ratios; variable silica concentrations (sometimes high due to dissolution of reactive silicates); where Eh and pH are low, iron and manganese concentrations are high SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: low sensitivity to acid deposition; may have endemic flora favoring alkaline, high-magnesium and low-potassium soils; productive aquatic faunas where calcium is high in surface waters SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: thin, rocky, smectite clay soils; high in magnesium, low in potassium TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: moderate ridges and hills LITHO_UNIT: 42 DESCRIPTION: amphibolite, greenstone, greenschist-facies metavolcanics, and schistose mafic rock with minor dispersed carbonate MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 41 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: same as 41 SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: same as 41 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: same as 41 TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: same as 41 LITHO_UNIT: 43 DESCRIPTION: mafic gneiss and mafic lithologies mixed with felsic volcanics and(or) metaclastic lithologies MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 41 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: same as 41 SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: same as 41 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: iron-rich smectite clay soils, with poor drainage; neutral to basic; high magnesium TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: moderate rolling topography LITHO_UNIT: 44 DESCRIPTION: mafic plutonic rocks, including gabbro, diorite, monzodiorite, and diabase MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 41 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: same as 41 SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: same as 41 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: same as 43 TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: lowlands or uplands, depending upon adjacent lithologies LITHO_UNIT: 50 DESCRIPTION: ultramafic rocks, including serpentinites, dunites, peridotites, and talc schists MAJOR CATEGORY: ultramafic rocks CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: high magnesium-to-calcium ratios; relatively high silica concentrations due to dissolution of reactive silicates; ground water may have low Eh values and high metal concentrations SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: low sensitivity to acid deposition; frequently has endemic flora favoring high-magnesium, low-potassium, alkaline soils SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: thin, rocky, iron-rich soils; high-magnesium, low-potassium, alkaline soils may occur TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: upland hills, knobs, or ridges LITHO_UNIT: 50c DESCRIPTION: ultramafic rocks, including serpentinites, dunites, peridotites, and talc schists; carbonate present MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 50 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: same as 50 SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTISTICS: same as 50 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: same as 50 TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: same as 50 LITHO_UNIT: 61 DESCRIPTION: granitoid plutonic rocks, including granite, quartz monzonite, granodiorite, tonalite, trondhjemite, and equivalent gneiss MAJOR CATEGORY: felsic igneous and plutonic rocks and their metamorphic equivalents CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: generally low solute concentrations; relatively high sodium, bicarbonate, and silica concentrations; calcium and magnesium concentrations generally are low; relatively low pH; fluoride, uranium, and radon concentrations may be high; SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: high sensitivity to acid deposition SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: generally sandy soils TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: uplands and highlands; uplands may have little internal relief and steep slopes along borders LITHO_UNIT: 61v DESCRIPTION: fine-grained felsic rocks of volcanic and subvolcanic origin; includes feldspathic hypabyssal dikes and flows MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 61 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: same as 61 SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: same as 61 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: same as 61 TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: same as 61 LITHO_UNIT: 62 DESCRIPTION: quartz-poor plutonic rocks, including syenite, nepheline syenite, quartz syenite, monzonite, and anorthosite MAJOR CATEGORY: same as 61 CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF NATURAL WATERS: same as 61 SENSITIVITY TO ACID DEPOSITION AND OTHER HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS: same as 61 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS: thin clay soils TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: same as 61(B) DESCRIPTION OF THE LITHOPHYSIOGRAPHIC DOMAINS: The lithogeochemical rock units in the study area have been grouped into nine regional lithologic and physiographic provinces (lithophysiographic domains) that are defined using lithogeochemical contacts but are similar to the physiographic provinces of Denny (1982); the lithophysiographic domains are further grouped into (1) the western highlands and lowlands, (2) central lowlands, and (3) eastern highlands. Physiographic provinces are areas of similar topography that are topographically distinct from adjacent areas. As Hunt (1974, p. 3) states, "Each province has characteristics peculiar to itself--a distinctive structural framework giving rise to distinctive landforms expressing their structure and, for the most part, distinctive climate, vegetation, soils, water and other resources." In early physiographic mapping, the study area covered by this data layer was considered mostly upland. However geologic mapping by Federal, State, and academic geologists during the last 40 years has resulted in a more detailed understanding of bedrock structure, stratigraphy, and tectonic evolution than was available for earlier physiographic schemes. Thus, the nine domains defined in this data layer are smaller than previously defined physiographic provinces and are based on tectonic and lithogeochemical characteristics as well as physiography. The generalized topographic expression and lithology in the lithophysiographic domains, arranged from west to east across the study area, are as follows.
LITHOPHYSIOGRAPHIC DOMAIN: Taconic allochthons and related rocks of early Paleozoic age (T) MAJOR CATEGORY: western highlands and lowlands TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: mostly uplands in west; moderate hills and ridges in Vermont LITHOLOGY: mostly schist (32) and slate, phyllite and graywacke (31); some sulfidic units LITHOPHYSIOGRAPHIC DOMAIN: Carbonate platform sequence of early Paleozoic age (S) MAJOR CATEGORY: western highlands and lowlands TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: lowlands and valleys LITHOLOGY: mostly marble (12) and bedded limestone and dolomite (11; not mapped separately in study-area source materials) LITHOPHYSIOGRAPHIC DOMAIN: Proterozoic crystalline massifs and associated early Paleozoic sediments (Y) MAJOR CATEGORY: western highlands and lowlands TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: highland plateaus with subdued relief; may have steep slopes along border LITHOLOGY: mostly granitic gneiss (61) and mafic gneiss (43), with schist and granofels (33) and minor marble (12); mixed granitic gneiss, mafic gneiss, and schist (35) in Vermont; minor quartzose metaclastics (34) LITHOPHYSIOGRAPHIC DOMAIN: Hartland-Rowe-Hawley Metamorphic Belt (H) MAJOR CATEGORY: central lowlands TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: rolling terrain with moderate hills LITHOLOGY: mostly granofels and schist (32, 33, 34), with amphibolite (42), mafic gneiss (43), and granitic gneiss (61); some sulfidic units; locally abundant small, isolated bodies of ultramafic rock (50) LITHOPHYSIOGRAPHIC DOMAIN: Newark Supergroup of early Mesozoic age (N) MAJOR CATEGORY: central lowlands TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: lowlands, except in areas of basalt flows and diabase bodies; forms wide valley in Massachusetts and Connecticut LITHOLOGY: mostly mudstone (21) and sandstone (22, 23) clastic bodies filling fault-bounded grabens; local basalt flows (41), basalt dikes (41), and diabase bodies (44); some calcareous units, local sulfidic horizons, and sediments containing sulfate minerals LITHOPHYSIOGRAPHIC DOMAIN: Connecticut River Valley Metamorphic Belt (C) MAJOR CATEGORY: central lowlands TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: subdued rolling terrain; rounded granitic plutons form high ground in northeastern Vermont LITHOLOGY: mostly metamorphosed calcareous clastic sediments (13) and granofels and schist (33) in Vermont; less calcareous (33c) in New Hampshire; granite plutons (61) in northeastern Vermont LITHOPHYSIOGRAPHIC DOMAIN: Bronson Hill Metamorphic Belt (B) MAJOR CATEGORY: eastern highlands TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: mostly uplands with rolling terrain; local steep slopes and ridges LITHOLOGY: mostly granitic gneiss (61), mafic gneiss (43), and amphibolite (42), with schist, sulfidic schist, and granofels (32, 32s, 33, 33s, 34) LITHOPHYSIOGRAPHIC DOMAIN: Merrimack Metamorphic Belt (M) MAJOR CATEGORY: eastern highlands TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: rolling terrain with moderate hills and ridges; granites form mountainous highland in New Hampshire. LITHOLOGY: mostly a variety of metamorphosed clastic rocks (32, 33, and 34) and granitic plutons (61); local areas of mafic gneiss (43) and amphibolite (42); some sulfidic and(or) calcareous units LITHOPHYSIOGRAPHIC DOMAIN: Coastal Gneiss Belt (Z) MAJOR CATEGORY: eastern highlands TOPOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION: subdued terrain with gentle slopes along the coast of Connecticut and low to moderate hills and ridges inland LITHOLOGY: mostly granitic gneiss (61) and mafic gneiss (43)(C) REFERENCES CITED IN THIS SECTION
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Jd 41 N MA diabase dikes and sills Jp 21 N MA Portland Fm (western part) Jp 22 N MA Portland Fm (eastern part) Jpc 22 N MA Portland Fm Jpc 23 N MA Portland Fm Je 22 N MA East Berlin Fm Jec 23 N MA East Berlin Fm Jsm 22 N MA Shuttle Meadow Fm Jsmc 23 N MA Shuttle Meadow Fm Jn/Trn 22 N MA New Haven Arkose (eastern part) Jgb 41 N MA Granby Basaltic Tuff Jhab 41 N MA Hampden Basalt Jhb 41 N MA Holyoke Basalt Jhv 41 N MA Hitchcock Volcanics Jm 22 N MA Mount Toby Fm Jmc 23 N MA Mount Toby Fm Jma 23 N MA Mount Toby Fm Jt 22 N MA Turner Falls Sandstone Jtc 23 N MA Turner Falls Sandstone Jdb 41 N MA Deerfield Basalt Js 22 N MA Sugarloaf Fm Jsc 23 N MA Sugarloaf Fm Trs 23 N MA Sugarloaf Fm Dwgd 61 B MA Williamsburg Granodiorite Dpe 61 C MA feldspar-quartz-muscovite pegmatite Dgr 61 B MA biotite-muscovite granite Dmg 61 H MA Middlefield Granite grg 61 B MA biotite granitic gneiss Dbmd 44 B MA Belchertown Complex Dbmdt 44 B MA Belchertown Complex Dbmdg 44 B MA Belchertown Complex Dbh 44 B MA Belchertown Complex Dbi 44 B MA Belchertown Complex Dbt 44 B MA Belchertown complex Dbd 44 B MA Belchertown Complex Dpgg 61 C MA Prescott Complex, Cooleyville Granitic Gneiss Dpgb 44 B MA Prescott Complex Dpv 33 C MA Putney Volcanics Dgm 33c C MA Gile Mtn Fm Dgmq 33c C MA Gile Mtn Fm Dgma 42 C MA Gile Mtn Fm Dw 13 C MA Waits River Fm Dwt 13 C MA Waits River Fm Dwa 42 C MA Waits River Fm Dgu 33c H MA Goshen Fm Dgq 34 H MA Goshen Fm Dg 32 H MA Goshen Fm Dgp 32 H MA Goshen Fm Dgl 33c H MA Goshen Fm Dgc 13 H MA Goshen Fm De 33 B MA Erving Fm Dev 33 B MA Erving Fm Deg 33 B Ma Erving Fm Dea 42 B MA Erving Fm Dl 32 B MA Littleton Fm Sr 34c B MA Russell Mtn Fm Sf 34c B MA Fitch Fm Sc 34c B MA Clough Quartzite Dl 32 M MA Littleton Fm Sr 34c M MA Russell Mtn Fm Sf 34c M MA Fitch Fm Sc 34c M MA Clough Quartzite Dgd 61 M MA granodiorite gd 61 M MA granodiorite qd 44 M MA quartz diorite gr 61 M MA granite Dgr 61 M MA biotite-muscovite granite hg 43 M MA hornblende-plagioclase gneiss grg 61 M MA biotite granitic gneiss gb 44 M MA hornblende-olivine gabbro Dht 44 M MA Hardwick Tonalite Dhgr 44 M MA Hardwick Tonalite Drh 61 M MA Hardwick Tonalite, Ragged Hill Ddi 44 M MA Hardwick Tonalite, biotite-hornblende diorite and quartz-bearing diorite Ddn 44 M MA Hardwick Tonalite, meladiorite and tonalite Dchgr 61 M MA Coys Hill Porphyritic Granite Gneiss Dchh 43 M MA Coys Hill Porphyritic Granite Gneiss Dlo 34 M MA Littleton Fm Dlf 34 M MA Littleton Fm Dlm 12 M MA Littleton Fm Dl+Ops 32s M MA Littleton and Partridge Fms, interfolded Sfs 33s M MA Fitch Fm Sfss 33s M MA Fitch Fm Sp 33s M MA Paxton Fm Spss 32s M MA Paxton Fm Spa 42 M MA Paxton Fm Spsq 33s M MA Paxton Fm Spqr 33s M MA Paxton Fm Spbs 33s M MA Paxton Fm, Bigelow Brook Mbr Spso 33c M MA Paxton Fm, Southbridge Mbr Spbc 33c M MA Paxton Fm So 33c M MA Oakdale Fm Sagr 61 M MA Ayer Granite Ogd 44 T MA diorite at Goff Ledges Od 44 H MA diorite Otr 61 Y MA alaskite and trondhjemite Ogr 61 Y MA muscovite-biotite granite and granodiorite Ogr 61 T MA muscovite-biotite granite and granodiorite OZu 50 Y MA serpentinized peridotite stocks Zd 43 y MA biotite-hornblende mafic dikes Ytg 61 Y MA Tyringham Gneiss Ysg 61 Y MA Stamford Granite Gneiss (Stamford Granite) Ygg 61 Y MA granitoid gneiss Ow 32c S MA Walloomsac Fm Owq 34c S MA Walloomsac Fm Owm 12s S MA Walloomsac Fm Owl 12 S MA Walloomsac Fm Osg 12 S MA Stockbridge Fm Osf 12 S MA Stockbridge Fm Ose 12 S MA Stockbridge Fm Osd 12 S MA Stockbridge Fm Csc 12 S MA Stockbridge Fm Csb 12 S MA Stockbridge Fm Csa 12 S MA Stockbridge Fm Cc 34 Y MA Cheshire Quartzite CZd 34 Y MA Dalton Fm CZdbs 34 Y MA Dalton Fm CZdq 34 Y MA Dalton Fm CZdg 34 Y MA Dalton Fm CZds 34 Y MA Dalton Fm CZdc 34 Y MA Dalton Fm CZhd 32 Y MA Hoosac Fm CZhgt 32 Y MA Hoosac Fm CZhda 33 Y MA Hoosac Fm CZhdc 33 Y MA Hoosac Fm CZhg 32 T MA Hoosac Fm CZhr 32 T MA Hoosac Fm CZhgt 32 T MA Hoosac Fm CZhk 33 T MA Hoosac Fm CZh 32 T MA Hoosac Fm CZh 32 Y MA Hoosac Fm CZhw 32 T MA Hoosac Fm CZhga 33 T MA Hoosac Fm CZha 42 T MA Hoosac Fm CZcm 32 T MA Canaan Mtn Fm CZn 31 T MA Nassau Fm CZngy 31 T MA Nassau Fm CZna 31 T MA Nassau Fm CZnp 31 T MA Nassau Fm CZnr 31 T MA Nassau Fm CZnv 42 T MA Nassau Fm CZev 32 T MA Everett Fm CZevc 31 T MA Everett Fm Yb 43 Y MA biotite-plagioclase-quartz gneiss Ybu 43 Y MA biotite-plagioclase-quartz gneiss Ycs 12 Y MA calc-silicate granofels and gneiss Yl 43 Y MA Lee Gneiss Yhb 43 Y MA hornblende-biotite gneiss Yfg 61 Y MA felsic biotite-microcline-plagioclase- quartz gneiss Yag 43 Y MA hornblende-biotite-plagioclase gneiss and amphibolite Ya 42 Y MA amphibolite Yw 33s Y MA Washington Gneiss Ywb 33s Y MA Washington Gneiss Ywhg 43 Y MA Washington Gneiss Ywcs 12s Y MA Washington Gneiss Ysm 12s Y MA Sherman Marble Ohpg 61 H MA gneiss at Hallockville Pond u 50 H MA serpentinite and(or) talc rock Oh 43 H MA Hawley Fm Ohb 32cs H MA Hawley Fm Ohg 43 H MA Hawley Fm Ohp 43 H MA Hawley Fm Ohf 43 H MA Hawley Fm Ocd 32 H MA Cobble Mtn Fm Occ 32 H MA Cobble Mtn Fm Occr 32(s) H MA Cobble Mtn Fm Occa 32 H MA Cobble Mtn Fm Ocu 50 H MA Cobble Mtn Fm Ocb 33 H MA Cobble Mtn Fm Ocbr 33s H MA Cobble Mtn Fm Oca 33c H MA Cobble Mtn Fm Ocar 33 H MA Cobble Mtn Fm Om 33 H MA Moretown Fm Oms 33 H MA Moretown Fm Omsc 33 H MA Moretown Fm Oml 33 H MA Moretown Fm Omsk 33 H MA Moretown Fm Oma 42 H MA Moretown Fm OCr 33 H MA Rowe Schist OCrc 33 H MA Rowe Schist OCra 42 H MA Rowe Schist Ogl 61 B MA Glastonbury Gneiss Opc 61 B MA Pauchaug Gneiss Ops 32s B MA Partridge Fm Opsa 32cs B MA Partridge Fm Opsc 32cs B MA Partridge Fm Opa 42 B MA Partridge Fm Opv 43 B MA Partridge Fm Opvs 43 B MA Partridge Fm Opau 44 B MA Partridge Fm Opu 50 B MA Partridge Fm Opsg 33 B MA Partridge Fm Opf 34 B MA Partridge Fm Ops 32s M MA Partridge Fm Opsa 32cs M MA Partridge Fm Opsc 32cs M MA Partridge Fm Opa 42 M MA Partridge Fm Opv 43 M MA Partridge Fm Opvs 43 M MA Partridge Fm Opau 44 M MA Partridge Fm Opu 50 M MA Partridge Fm Opsg 33 M MA Partridge Fm Opf 34 M MA Partridge Fm Opbg 34 B MA Partridge Fm Dl+Ops 32s M MA Littleton Fm and Partridge Fm, interfolded Oa 43 B MA Ammonoosuc Volcanics Oau 50 B MA Ammonoosuc Volcanics Oaq 34 B MA Ammonoosuc Volcanics Ococ 32 H MA Collinsville Fm Ocoa 43 H MA Collinsville Fm Ocoa1 43 H MA Collinsville Fm Ocof 43 H MA Collinsville Fm Oco 43 H MA Collinsville Fm Ocoa2 43 H MA Collinsville Fm Ocog 34 H MA Collinsville Fm Ocor 43 H MA Collinsville Fm Ocoa3 43 H MA Collinsville Fm Ozmo 43 B MA Monson Gneiss OZmou 50 B MA Monson Gneiss OZmoa 42 B MA Monson Gneiss OZfm 43 B MA Fourmile Gneiss OZfmu 50 B MA Fourmile Gneiss OZfmq 34 B MA Fourmile Gneiss Zpm 61 B MA Poplar Mtn Gneiss Zpmg 61 B MA Poplar Mtn Gneiss Zpmq 61 B MA Poplar Mtn Gneiss Zmm 32 B MA Mount Mineral Fm Zmmu 50 B MA Mount Mineral Fm Zdh 61 B MA Dry Hill Gneiss Zdhs 33 B MA Dry Hill Gneiss Zdpq 61 B MA Dry Hill Gneiss Zpd 61 B MA Poplar Mtn and Dry Hill Gneisses, undifferentiated OZt 33s M MA Tatnic Hill Fm OZty 32 M MA Tatnic Hill Fm, Yantic Mbr OZtf 33c M MA Tatnic Hill Fm, Fly Pond Mbr OZn 33s M MA Nashoba Fm OZnb 42 M MA Nashoba Fm, Boxford Mbr OZf 34 M MA Fish Brook Gneiss OZsh 34cs M MA Shawsheen Gneiss OZq 43 M MA Quinebaug Fm Zp 34 Z MA Plainfield Fm Zhg 61 Z MA Hope Valley Alaskite Gneiss Zsg 61 Z MA Scituate Granite Gneiss (Scituate Granite) Zw 43 Z CT Waterford Group Zwr 43 Z CT Waterford Group, Rope Ferry Gneiss Zwn 43 Z CT Waterford Group, New London Gneiss Zwnj 61 Z CT Waterford Group, New London Gneiss Zwm 43 Z CT Waterford Group, Mamacoke Fm Zp 34 Z CT Plainfield Fm Zpq 34 Z CT Plainfield Fm Zsh 61 Z CT Sterling Plutonic Suite (Group), Hope Valley Alaskite Zsph 61 Z CT Sterling Plutonic Suite (Group), Potter Hill Granite Zspp 61 Z CT Sterling Plutonic Suite (Group), Potter Hill Granite Zss 61 Z CT Sterling Plutonic Suite (Group), "Scituate" Granite Gneiss Zsp 61 Z CT Sterling Plutonic Suite (Group), Ponaganset Gneiss Zl 61 Z CT Sterling Plutonic Suite (Group), Light House Gneiss Zb 61 Z CT Sterling Plutonic Suite (Group), Branford Gneiss Pw 61 Z CT Westerly Granite Pn 61 Z CT Narragansett Pier Granite Pnm 61 Z CT Narragansett Pier Granite Dm 61 B CT Maromas Granite Gneiss Ogl 61 B CT Glastonbury Gneiss u 50 B CT ultramafic rock Omm 43 B CT Middletown Fm De 33 B CT Erving Fm De 33 C CT Erving Fm Dbl 32 B CT Littleton Fm Dblm 33 B CT Littleton Fm, Mount Pisgah Mbr Sbf 34c B CT Fitch Fm Sbc 34 B CT Clough Quartzite Och 32s B CT Collins Hill Fm Ochv 43 B CT Collins Hill Fm Om 43 B CT Middletown Fm Omu 43 B CT Middletown Fm Oml 43 B CT Middletown Fm Omm 43 B CT Middletown Fm Omo 43 B CT Monson Gneiss DSs 32 M CT Oakdale Fm, Scotland Schist Mbr DSsq 34 M CT Oakdale Fm, Scotland Schist Mbr SObu 33s M CT Bigelow Brook Fm SObu 32 M CT Bigelow Brook Fm SObm 33c M CT Bigelow Brook Fm SObl 33s M CT Bigelow Brook Fm SOs 33s M CT Southbridge Fm SOsp 61 M CT Southbridge Fm SOh 33s M CT Hebron Gneiss (Hebron Fm) Obr 32s M CT Brimfield Schist Obrg 43 M CT Brimfield Schist Obrg 32s M CT Brimfield Schist Ota 33s M CT Tatnic Hill Fm, Otay 33s M CT Tatnic Hill Fm, Yantic Mbr Otaf 33c M CT Tatnic Hill Fm, Fly Pond Mbr Oq 43 M CT Quinebaug Fm Oqf 61 M CT Quinebaug Fm Oqb 43 M CT Quinebaug Fm, Black Hill Mbr Dgg 61 M CT granite gneiss Dc 61 M CT Canterbury Gneiss Dce 61 M CT Canterbury Gneiss, "Eastford gneiss phase" D?d 43 M CT quartz diorite Dn 44 M CT hornblende norite Dl 44 M CT Lebanon Gabbro (Lebanon Granite) Dld 44 M CT Lebanon Gabbro (Lebanon Granite) Op 44 M CT Preston Gabbro Opd 44 M CT Preston Gabbro Pp 61 H CT porphyry Ppa 61 H CT Pinewood Adamallite Ps 62 H CT syenite Dng 61 H CT Nonewaug Granite Og 61 H CT granitic gneiss Ol 44 H CT Litchfield Norite Ob 43 H CT Brookfield Gneiss u 50 H CT ultramafic rock DSt 32 H CT Straits Schist DSts 33 H CT Straits Schist, Southington Mtn Mbr Stb 33s H CT Straits Schist Otf 33 H CT Trap Falls Fm Otfc 33s H CT Trap Falls Fm, Carringtons Pond Mbr Otfs 33 H CT Trap Falls Fm, Shelton Mbr Otfg 33 H CT Trap Falls Fm Ocm 33 H CT Cobble Mtn Fm Ohc 32cs H CT Hawley Fm Oh 43 H CT Harrison Gneiss Ohp 43 H CT Harrison Gneiss, Pumpkin Ground Mbr Ohb 43 H CT Harrison Gneiss, Beardsley Mbr Ohn 43 H CT Harrison Gneiss Ogh 33 H CT Golden Hill Schist Or 33c H CT Ratlum Mtn Schist Ora 42 H CT Ratlum Mtn Schist OCr 33c H CT Rowe Schist OCra 42 H CT Rowe Schist Oc 33 H CT Collinsville Fm Ocs 33 H CT Collinsville Fm, Sweetheart Mtn Mbr Ocg 43 H CT Collinsville Fm Ot+Oc 33 H CT Taine Mtn and Collinsville Fms, undifferentiated Oc+Ora 33c H CT Collinsville Fm and Ratlum Mtn Schist, undifferentiated Obs 34 H CT Bristol Gneiss Ot 33 H CT Taine Mtn Fm Otwv 33 H CT Taine Mtn Fm, Whigville Mbr Ots 32 H CT Taine Mtn Fm, Scranton Mtn Mbr Otw 33 H CT Taine Mtn Fm, Wildcat Mbr Otb 33 H CT Taine Mtn Fm Cwb 61 H CT Waterbury Gneiss DSw 32 H CT Wepawaug Schist Oma 42 H CT Maltby Lakes Metavolcanics Omau 42 H CT Maltby Lakes Metavolcanics Omal 42 H CT Maltby Lakes Metavolcanics Oa 42 H CT Allingtown Metavolcanics Oo 33 H CT Oronoque Schist Ce 32 T CT Everett Schist Cm 32 T CT Manhattan Schist Cmcu 32s T CT Manhattan Schist, Canaan Mtn Schist Cmcub 33s T CT Manhattan Schist, Canaan Mtn Schist Cmcl 32s T CT Manhattan Schist, Canaan Mtn Schist Cma 42 T CT Manhattan Schist Ch 32 Y CT Hoosac Schist Ch 32 T CT Hoosac Schist Ow 32c S CT Walloomsac Schist Owm 12s S CT Walloomsac Schist OCs 12 S CT Stockbridge Marble Osg 12 S CT Stockbridge Marble Ose 12 S CT Stockbridge Marble Csc 12 S CT Stockbridge Marble Csb 12 S CT Stockbridge Marble Csa 12 S CT Stockbridge Marble Cc 34 Y CT Cheshire Quartzite Cd 34 Y CT Dalton Fm Cd 34 Y CT Dalton Fm Yg 61 Y CT granitic gneiss, gneiss, and schist Ygr 61 Y CT granitic gneiss Yga 61 Y CT augen gneiss Ygn 43 Y CT gneiss Ygh 43 Y CT hornblende gneiss and amphibolite Ygs 33s Y CT mica schist and gneiss Jp 21 N CT Portland Arkose (western part) Jp 22 N CT Portland Arkose (eastern part) Jpc 23 N CT Portland Arkose Je 22 N CT East Berlin Fm Jsm 22 N CT Shuttle Meadow Fm Trnh 23 N CT New Haven Arkose (western part) Trnh 22 N CT New Haven Arkose (eastern part) Jha 41 N CT Hampden Basalt Jho 41 N CT Holyoke Basalt Jta 41 N CT Talcott Basalt Jb 44 N CT Buttress Dolerite Jwr 44 N CT West Rock Dolerite Jd 41 N CT diabase dikes Dw 13 C VT Waits River Fm Dws 42 C VT Waits River Fm, Standing Pond Volcanic Mbr Dwc 34 C VT Waits River Fm, Crow Hill Mbr Dg 33c C VT Gile Mtn Fm Dgh 33 C VT Gile Mtn Fm, Hall Stream Mbr Dga 42 C VT Gile Mtn Fm, amphibolite mbr Dgm 31 C VT Gile Mtn Fm, Meetinghouse Slate Mbr Dl 31,32 B VT Littleton Fm DSn 31 H VT Northfield Fm Sf 13 B VT Fitch Fm Ss 13 H VT Shaw Mtn Fm (north of 44 degrees latitude) Ss 34c H VT Shaw Mtn Fm (south of 44 degrees latitude) Sc 34 B VT Clough Fm Op 32s B VT Partridge Fm Op 31s B VT Partridge Fm Oa 42,61v B VT Ammonoosuc Volcanics Oal 33 B VT Albee Fm Oof 32 B VT Orfordville Fm Oop 42 B VT Orfordville Fm, Post Volcanic Pond Mbr Omcr 31 H VT Missisquoi Fm, Cram Hill Mbr Omcr 31s H VT Missisquoi Fm, Cram Hill Mbr Omc 32s H VT Missisquoi Fm, carbonaceous slate mbr (southern part) Omb 43 H VT Missisquoi Fm, Barnard Volcanic Mbr Omw 33s H VT Missisquoi Fm, Whetstone Hill Mbr Omm 33 H VT Missisquoi Fm, Moretown Mbr OCs 32 H VT Stowe Fm OCsg 42 H VT Stowe Fm, greenstone and amphibolite mbr Co 32s H VT Ottauquechee Fm Cog 42 H VT Ottauquechee Fm, greenstone and amphibolite mbr OCu 33s T VT Pinney Hollow, Ottauquechee Fm, and Stowe Fms, undifferentiated Cu 32 T VT Underhill Fm Cub 33c T VT Underhill Fm, Battell Mbr Cph 32 H,T VT Pinney Hollow Fm Cpgc 42 H VT Pinney Hollow Fm, Chester Amphibolite Mbr Cpg 42 H VT Pinney Hollow Fm, greenstone mbr Cpc 32s H VT Pinney Hollow Fm, carbonaceous phyllite mbr Ch 33 T VT Hazens Notch Fm Cho 32 T VT Hoosac Fm Chop 33 T VT Hoosac Fm, Plymouth Mbr Cht 42 T VT Hoosac Fm, Turkey Mtn Mbr Chog 42 T VT Hoosac Fm, amphibolite mbr Ct 33c Y VT Tyson Fm Cdt 33s Y VT Dalton Fm Ccr 32 Y VT Cavendish Fm, Readsboro Mbr Ccg 35 Y VT Cavendish Fm, Bull Hill Gneiss Ccm 12 Y VT Cavendish Fm, dolomite marble mbr pC 35 Y VT Mount Holly Complex pCg 61 Y VT undifferentiated gneissic biotite granite, quartz monzonite, and granodiorite pCsq 34 Y VT Mount Holly Complex, quartzite mbr pCm 12 Y VT Mount Holly Complex, calcite and dolomite marble mbr wg 61 C VT biotite and hornblende granites ws 62 C VT hornblende, biotite, quartz, and augite syenites wd 44 C VT hornblende-biotite diorite; gabbro wv 61v C VT volcanic breccia, felsitic tuff, and flows nhc 44 C VT hornblende gabbro nhu 61 C VT undifferentiated granitic rocks hu 61 C VT undifferentiated granitic rocks udp 50 H VT dunite, peridotite, and serpentinite us 50c H VT serpentinite, carbonate rock, talc- carbonate rock, and steatite Jc1b 61 B NH Conway granite J1b 61v B NH intrusive rhyolite J1(x) 61 B NH granite porphyry J1(a) 61v B NH intrusive rhyolite J4(x) 62 B NH quartz syenite J5 44 B NH hornblende-biotite quartz monzodiorite J7(x) 62 B NH syenite J7h 62 B NH hornblende syenite J9A 44 M NH diorite J9B 44 M NH gabbro Jmv 61v M NH Moat Volcanics P1m 61 M NH biotite granite D1(a) 61 M NH twdo-mica granite D1b 61 M NH biotite granite D1m 61 M NH two-mica granite D2-3b 61 M NH biotite-muscovite granodiorite D2-5 61 M NH biotite-hornblende granodiorite to quartz monzodiorite D3A 61 B NH biotite tonalite Dc1m 61 B NH Concord Granite Ds1-6 61 M NH Spaulding Quartz Diorite Intrusive Suite (Spaulding Tonalite) Ds6-9B 44 M NH hypersthene-biotite quartz diorite and gabbro Db2-3 61 B NH biotite-muscovite granodiorite, tonalite, and granite Dk1-3(x)61 M NH Kinsman Quartz Monzonite Intrusive Suite (Kinsman Intrusive Suite) Dk1-4(x)61 M NH granite DS9 44 B NH metamorphosed gabbro, diorite, and basalt intrusives DOu 50 B NH serpentinite Dl 31,32 B NH Littleton Fm Dlu 31 B NH Littleton Fm Dll 32 B NH Littleton Fm Dllc 33c B NH Littleton Fm Dlv 43 B NH Littleton Fm Dlvb 42 B NH Littleton Fm Dlg 32s B NH Littleton Fm Sf 13 B NH Fitch Fm Sg 34 M NH Greenvale Cove Fm Sm 33 M NH Madrid Fm Ssf 32s M NH Smalls Falls Fm Smsf 32s M NH Madrid and Smalls Falls Fms, undifferentiated Sp 32 M NH Perry Mtn Fm Spr 32s M NH Perry Mtn and Rangeley Fms, undifferentiated Spv 43 M NH Perry Mtn Fm Spp 31 M NH Perry Mtn Fm Sc 34 M NH Clough Quartzite Sfc 33c B NH Fitch Fm and Clough Quartzite, undifferentiated Sr 33s M NH Rangeley Fm Sru 33s M NH Rangeley Fm Sruc 33 M NH Rangeley Fm Srl 33 M NH Rangeley Fm Srv 42 M NH Rangeley Fm Srvb 42 M NH Rangeley Fm Srmr 42 M NH Rangeley Fm Srgm 42s M NH Rangeley Fm Srg 32s M NH Rangeley Fm SOf 31 B NH Frontenac Fm SOfb 42 B NH Frontenac Fm SOff 61v B NH Frontenac Fm SOfv 61v B NH Frontenac Fm S1b 61 B NH biotite granite to granodiorite dikes So1b 61 B NH granite Oo3B-6 61 B NH trondhjemite and quartz diorite Oo1b 61 B NH biotite granite Oo1h 61 B NH hornblende-biotite granite Oo1-3A 61 B NH granite, granodiorite, and tonalite Oo1-3B 61 B NH granite, granodiorite, and trondhjemite Oo9h 44 B NH hornblende gabbro Oo2b 61 B NH granodiorite Oo2-3A 61 B NH granodiorite to tonalite Oo3A 61 B NH tonalite Oo3B 61 B NH trondhjemite Oo4C 61 B NH hornblende quartz monzonite Oo4-7h 62 B NH hornblende quartz syenite to syenite Oo7h 62 B NH hornblende-biotite syenite Oo9Bh 44 B NH hornblende gabbro Sh1b 61 B NH granites of East Inlet stock Oh2-3A 61 B NH hornblende-chlorite granodiorite or tonalite Oh2-9A 61 B NH tonalite, diorite, granodiorite, and granite Oa 42,61v B NH Ammonoosuc Volcanics Oal 42 B NH Ammonoosuc Volcanics Oau 42 B NH Ammonoosuc Volcanics Oaub 42 B NH Ammonoosuc Volcanics Oaux 42 B NH Ammonoosuc Volcanics DOg 33 C NH Gile Mtn Fm DOgm 31 C NH Gile Mtn Fm, Meetinghouse Slate Mbr DOgc 33c C NH Gile Mtn Fm DOgp 32 C NH,VT Gile Mtn Fm DOgpf 32 C NH,VT Gile Mtn Fm DOgg 32 C NH,VT Gile Mtn Fm DOggp 32 C NH,VT Gile Mtn Fm DOgv 42 C NH,VT Gile Mtn Fm DOghs 32 C NH,VT Gile Mtn Fm, Grits at Hall Stream SOw 33c C NH Waits River Fm Sg 33 B NH Greenvale Cove Fm Oq 32s B NH Quimby Fm Op 32s B NH Partridge Fm Od 32s B NH Dixville Fm OCd 34 B NH Dead River Fm Zsgg 61 Z RI Sterling Plutonic Group (Sterling Plutonic Suite) Zsag 61 Z RI Sterling Plutonic Group (Sterling Plutonic Suite) Zsmg 43 Z RI Sterling Plutonic Group (Sterling Plutonic Suite) Zp 34 Z RI Plainfield Fm Zeag 61 Z RI Esmond Igneous Suite (Esmond Plutonic Suite) Zegg 61 Z RI Esmond Igneous Suite (Esmond Plutonic Suite) Zem 44 Z RI Esmond Igneous Suite (Esmond Plutonic Suite) Zbm 42 Z RI Blackstone Group Zbs 33c Z RI Blackstone Group Zbu 43 Z RI Blackstone Group DZgd 44 Z RI gabbro and(or)diorite Dsg 61 Z RI Scituate Igneous Suite (Scituate Granite) Dsfg 61 Z RI Scituate Igneous Suite (Scituate Granite) Zwm 43 Z RI Waterford Group, Mamacoke Fm Zwr 43 Z RI Waterford Group, Rope Ferry Gneiss Png 61 Z RI Narragansett Pier Plutonic Suite Pnfg 61 Z RI Narragansett Pier Plutonic Suite Jm 50 Z RI monchiquite OCst 12 S NY Stockbridge Marble Cw 12 S NY Wappinger Group, Briarcliff Dolostone OCs 12 S NY carbonate rocks Ow 12 S NY Wappinger Group, Copake Fm, Rochdale Fm, and Halycon Dolostone Cev 32 T NY Everett Schist Om 32 T NY Manhattan Fm, undifferentiated Owl 32s S NY Walloomsac Fm Oba 12s S NY Balmville Limestone Cpg 34 Y NY Poughquag Quartzite bg 61 X NY biotite granitic gneiss mug 43 Y NY metasedimentary rock and granitic gneiss, interlayed Oag 31 X NY Austin Glen Fm Ohr 43 H NY Harrison Gneiss f 61 Y NY Fordham Gneiss, undifferentiated OCi 12 S NY Inwood Marble Oht 61,33 X NY Hartland Fm Os 50 X NY serpentinite Ob 61 X NY Bedford Gneiss am 43 Y NY amphibolite, pyroxenic amphibolite, hornblende gneiss rg 33s X NY biotite-quartz-feldspar gneisses Dco 33c - QE Compton Fm D1b 61 - QE biotite granite D1-2b 61 - QE biotite granite and granodiorite Dsi 32 - QE Ironbound Mtn Fm Dsih 42 - QE Ironbound Mtn Fm - Grit lenses at Halls Stream
LITHOGEOCHEMICAL BEDROCK 1:125 NAWQA CONNECTICUT RIVER
(a) Source variety: Compilation of the lithogeochemical data layer using State geologic maps resulted in some discontinuities at State borders. The lithogeochemical code assigned to a rock unit was based primarily on its description on the appropriate State geologic map. Because the information contained on the individual State maps was interpreted and assembled during a 40-year period by different groups of geologists, the maps do not always represent a coherent, or consistent, data set when combined. In addition, the chemical and mineral-assemblage characteristics of the rock groups and formations within each State are generalized in the geologic map descriptions; thus, regional trends in lithology or metamorphic grade may have resulted in different generalized descriptions of the same geologic unit in adjacent States. Discrepancies across State borders in the lithogeochemical coverage reflect these and other inconsistencies among the State geologic maps that could not be resolved with the existing information. However, the lithogeochemical coding of geologic units is internally consistent within each State, and discrepancies across State boundaries are minor in most cases.
(b) Inherent limitations of data sources: Most of the lithogeochemical source material was compiled into the data layer from 1:125,000 mylar overlays or enlargements of State geologic maps (Massachusetts and Connecticut) or from enlargements of 1:250,000 U.S. Geological Survey topographic quadrangles with geologic contact lines (New Hampshire and Vermont). Thus, the lithogeochemical source materials include the limitations of the individual State maps and their source or base maps. In the case of the Massachusetts geologic map, the base map included two separate 1:250,000 U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps that had been matched at their edges and enlarged to 1:125,000 (the map was compiled at 1:125,000 but published at 1:250,000). Errors associated with these base-map construction procedures were evident when the lithogeochemical source sheet of Massachusetts was digitized. The initial root mean square (RMS) error, a measure of the accuracy of the registration of the digitized data to real-world locations, of the digitized lithogeochemical sheet was outside of the ideal range (less than or equal to 0.004) for digital cartographic products. Thus, the Massachusetts source sheet was digitized as four separate quadrants (northwestern, southwestern, northeastern, and southeastern) with separate sets of registration marks ("tics" in ARC/INFO); two quadrants approximately corresponded to each of the original two 1:250,000 edgematched topographic source-base maps. The RMS error for three of the four digitized quadrats was less than 0.004. For the southeast quadrant, the RMS error, at 0.009, was slightly higher than normally acceptable but was the best that could be obtained using the source geologic map.
Small areas of Connecticut along Long Island Sound are not mapped in the lithogeochemical coverage, which reflect the extent of geologic information shown in Rogers (1985).
(c) Other limitations: The 29-unit lithogeochemical classification scheme presented in this data layer has not been tested using actual water-quality data. The classification scheme and associated expected water-quality and ecosystem characteristics were based on geologic and geochemical principles and previous studies of the relations of rock type and these characteristics. Comparison with actual water-quality data likely would result in refinement of the classification scheme and a better understanding of the relations among rock types, water quality, and ecosystem characteristics.
The classification scheme and data layer are intended to provide a general, flexible framework for classifying and mapping bedrock types in the study area for all types of water-quality analysis. The data layer is primarily a lithologic map, but with lithologic classes that are defined with respect to their potential effects on water quality. It is left to the user to define the specific water-quality question to be addressed and, if necessary, to regroup the 29 lithogeochemical rock types as appropriate to his or her analysis. For example, if sensitivity to acid deposition were the question being considered, the 29 lithogeochemical rock types might be grouped into three or more classes of low, moderate, and high sensitivity.
The data layer primarily depicts the lithogeochemical character of bedrock
units, rather than of the surficial deposits such as glacial till, glacial
outwash, or recent alluvium. Where surficial deposits are derived from
the local bedrock, the data layer might also be used to describe the lithogeochemical
character of these materials. Chemical characteristics of natural waters
associated with surficial deposits may differ from that suggested by the
lithogeochemical character of the bedrock units to the extent that the
surficial deposits consist of or are mixed with materials transported from
source areas with differing lithogeochemical characteristics. Comparison
of ground-water quality in surficial deposits overlying four generalized
bedrock types-- carbonates (11 and 12), calcareous clastic rocks (13),
Mesozoic-basin or arkosic rocks (21, 21cs, 22, and 23), and crystalline
rocks (all other lithogeochemical codes)--found significant differences
in specific conductance, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, dissolved solids,
carbonate hardness, and major ions among the four bedrock types (Grady,
S.J., and Mullaney, J.R., 1998, Natural and human factors affecting shallow
water quality in surficial aquifers in the Connecticut, Housatonic, and
Thames River Basins, U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations
Report 98-4042, 81 p).
Point_of_Contact:
Gilpin R. Robinson, Jr: Preparation of source materials and compilation of lithogeochemical units for Connecticut and Massachusetts regions; primary development of lithogeochemical classification scheme. John D. Peper: Preparation of source materials and compilation of lithogeochemical units for Vermont and New Hampshire regions; additional development of lithogeochemical classification scheme. Peter A. Steeves: Construction, revision, quality-assurance, and documentation of the digital data layer and publication of the data layer as a digital map product. Leslie A. DeSimone: Quality assurance, revision, and documentation of the data layer and publication of the data layer as a digital map product. Stephen P. Garabedian: Connecticut River NAWQA chief; coordinating personnel and funding, planning, oversight, and review of the data layer. Stephen J. Grady: Connecticut River NAWQA ground-water specialist; primary user of the resulting data; planning and definition of water1quality issues of the NAWQA study unit for use in development of the data layer and oversight of the initial data-layer construction phases. Robert Sava, Jr: Digitizing and coding contributions in NH, MA, and VT Shanon Wappel: Digitizing and coding contributions in CT
Lithogeochemical Character of Near-Surface Bedrock in the Connecticut, Housatonic, and Thames River Basins
CONN_LITHO.PAT: COLUMN ITEM NAME WIDTH OUTPUT TYPE N.DEC ALTERNATE NAME 1 AREA 4 12 F 3 5 PERIMETER 4 12 F 3 9 CONN_LITHO# 4 5 B - 13 CONN_LITHO-ID 4 5 B - 17 LITHO_UNIT 5 5 C - 22 STATE 2 2 C - 24 NAWQA_UNIT 6 6 C - 30 LPHYSIO_DOM 1 1 C - ** REDEFINED ITEMS ** 18 LITHO_MAJOR 1 1 I - CONN_LITHO.AAT: COLUMN ITEM NAME WIDTH OUTPUT TYPE N.DEC ALTERNATE NAME 1 FNODE# 4 5 B - 5 TNODE# 4 5 B - 9 LPOLY# 4 5 B - 13 RPOLY# 4 5 B - 17 LENGTH 4 12 F 3 21 CONN_LITHO# 4 5 B - 25 CONN_LITHO-ID 4 5 B - 29 BND_TYPE 2 2 C - CONN_LITHO.PATLPHYSIO: COLUMN ITEM NAME WIDTH OUTPUT TYPE N.DEC ALTERNATE NAME 1 AREA 4 12 F 3 5 PERIMETER 4 12 F 3 9 LPHYSIO# 4 5 B - 13 LPHYSIO-ID 4 5 B - 17 LPHYSIO_DOM 1 1 C - Entity Type Label: CONN_LITHO.PAT Entity Type Definition: Polygon Attribute Table Attribute Label: LITHO_UNIT Attribute Definition: Lithogeochemical classification code developed for this dataset Enumerated Domain Values: 12,13,21-23,31-35,41-44,50,51,62,12s,21cs, 31s,32c,32s,32cs,33s,33c,34c,50c,61v (see below and see "Supplemental_Information" for more detail) Attribute Label: STATE Attribute Definition: State abbreviation Enumerated Domain Values: MA,VT,NH,RI,NY,CT and QQ (Quebec, Canada) Attribute Label: NAWQA_UNIT Attribute Definition: NAWQA study-unit stratification groupings of lithogeochemical units Enumerated Domain Values: CARB, MESO_A, MESO_B, CALC_D, CALC_S, CRYL Attribute Label: LPHYSIO_DOM Attribute Definition: Lithophysiographic Domains (modified from Denny 1982, USGS Professional Paper 1208) Enumerated Domain Values: H, B, M, Y, S, N, T, Z, C (see below and see "Supplemental_Information" for more detail) Entity Type Label: CONN_LITHO.AAT Entity Type Definition: Arc Attribute Table Attribute Label: BND_TYPE Attribute Definition: line-boundary code added to the coverage for cartographic purposes Enumerated Domain Values: SU, LO, LI, SE, LP, CO, PO (see below for more detail) Entity Type Label: CONN_LITHO.PATLPHYSIO Entity Type Definition: LithoPhysiographic Region Table Attribute Label: LPHYSIO_DOM Attribute Definition: This item also exists in the .PAT but was added as a region for speed in screen mapping Enumerated Domain Values: H, B, M, Y, S, N, T, Z, C (see below and see "Supplemental_Information" for more detail) ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ATTRIBUTE DETAILS There are 4 added items in the polygon attribute table (.PAT) and 1 added item in the arc attribute table (.AAT). There is also a region table for easy selection of the lithophysiographic domain regions. Valid attributes for each are listed below: Polygon Attribute Table Item Name: LITHO_UNIT (i.e. 32cs, 43) This item represents the primary lithogeochemical classification scheme used in this dataset. Extended table attributes of these lithogeochemical units, including chemical character of natural waters, sensitivity to acid deposition and other habitat characteristics, soil characteristics, and topographic expression, can be found in the "Supplemental_Information, Notes" section of this document. These rock types also can be selected on their MAJOR groupings though a REDEFINED item embedded in the item LITHO_UNIT called LITHO_MAJOR. LITHO_MAJOR is a one-column-width, integer item corresponding to the first digit in LITHO_UNIT. When LITHO_MAJOR = 1 is reselected, all of the LITHO_UNIT's which fall under "CARBONATE- RICH-ROCKS" are selected. The breakdown is made clear below, showing both the major groups and individual lithogeochemical groups. CARBONATE-RICH ROCKS ------------------- 11 Limestone, dolomite, and carbonate-rich clastic sediments 12 Marble, including dolomitic marble; may include some calc-silicate rock 12s Sulfidic marble; may include some calc-silicate rock 13 Calcareous clastic and metaclastic rocks containing approximately 15 to 45 percent carbonate minerals CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS RESTRICTED TO DISTINCT DEPOSITIONAL BASINS ------------------------------------------------------ 21 Tan and red mudstone and shale; may include sandstone. Locally contains minor carbonate and (or) sulfate (gypsum) minerals 21cs Calcareous, locally sulfidic, gray mudstone and shale 22 Interbedded mudstone, shale, and siltstone; may contain sandstone 23 Sandstone and interbedded sandstone and conglomerate; may contain siltstone, shale, and mudstone METAMORPHOSED, CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (PRIMARILY NONCALCAREOUS) ------------------------------------------------------ 31 Slate and graywacke 31s Graphitic and sulfidic slate and graywacke 32 Pelitic schist and phyllite; may include granofels 32s Sulfidic schist; may include sulfidic granofels 32c Pelitic schist and phyllite; may include granofels; calcareous 32cs Pelitic schist and phyllite; may include granofels; calcareous and sulfidic 33 Mixed schist, granofels, and gneiss 33s Sulfide-bearing schistose granofels and mixed schist and gneiss (sulfidic character may be local) 33c Mixed schist, granofels, and gneiss; slightly calcareous 34 Quartzose metasandstone, quartzite, quartz granofels, and quartzose gneiss 34c Quartzose metasandstone, quartzite, quartz granofels, and quartzose gneiss; locally includes schistose or calcareous units 35 Interlayered granitic gneiss, schist, mafic gneiss, and amphibolite (VT only) MAFIC IGNEOUS ROCKS AND THEIR METAMORPHOSED EQUIVALENTS ------------------------------------------------------- 41 Basalt 42 Amphibolite, greenstone, greenschist facies metabasalt, and schistose mafic rock with minor dispersed carbonate 43 Mafic gneiss and mafic lithologies mixed with felsic volcanics and(or) metaclastic lithologies 44 Mafic plutonic rocks; includes gabbro diorite, monzodiorite, and diabase ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS ------------------------------------------------------- 50 Ultramafic rocks; includes serpentinites, dunites, peridotites, and talc schists 50c Ultramafic rocks; includes serpentinites, dunites, peridotites, and talc schists; carbonate present FELSIC IGNEOUS AND PLUTONIC ROCKS AND THEIR METAMORPHIC EQUIVALENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------- 61 Granitoid plutonic rocks; includes granite, quartz monzonite, granodiorite, tonalite, trondhjemite, and equivalent gneiss 61v Fine-grained felsic rocks of volcanic to subvolcanic origin, includes feldspathic hypabyssal dikes and flows 62 Quartz-poor plutonic rocks; includes syenite, monzonite, nepheline, quartz syenite, and anorthosite ################################################################### Item Name: STATE (i.e. MA, VT) This item identifies the State locations of polygons, and is included to facilitate identification of source materials for linework and geologic information. MA Massachusetts CT Connecticut VT Vermont NH New Hampshire RI Rhode Island NY New York QQ Quebec, Canada ################################ Item Name: NAWQA_UNIT This item identifies major groupings of lithogeochemical units that were used for study-unit stratification (ground-water sampling-scheme design and water-quality analysis) by the CONN NAWQA study. CARB Carbonate-rich rocks (limestone, dolomite, and marble) of Precambrian to early Paleozoic age in eastern New York and Vermont and western Connecticut and Massachusetts CALC_D Metamorphosed, calcareous, clastic sedimentary rocks of Devonian age in eastern Vermont and northcentral Massachusetts CALC_S Metamorphosed, calcareous, clastic sedimentary rocks of Silurian age in western New Hampshire and eastern Vermont MESO_A Clastic sedimentary rocks (arkosic conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, and shales) of the Mesozoic-age Newark Supergroup in central Connecticut and Massachusetts MESO_B Igneous rocks (basalt dikes and flows and diabase sills) interlayered among sedimentary rocks of the Mesozoic-age Newark Supergroup in central Connecticut and Massachusetts CRYL Undifferentiated, metamorphosed, non-calcareous clastic sedimentary rocks and mafic, felsic, and plutonic igneous rocks and their metamorphic equivalents of Precambrian and Paleozoic age distributed throughout the study area ################################ Item Name: LPHYSIO_DOM This item identifies the regionalized lithophysiographic domain within which lithogeochemical rock-unit areas lie. T Taconic Allochthons and related rocks of early Paleozoic age S Carbonate platform sequence of early Paleozoic age Y Proterozoic crystalline massifs and associated early Paleozoic sediments H Hartland-Rowe-Hawley metamorphic belt N Newark supergroup of early Mesozoic age C Connecticut River Valley metamorphic belt B Bronson Hill metamorphic belt M Merrimack metamorphic belt Z Coastal gneiss belt ################################ Arc Attribute Table Item Name: BND_TYPE This item was created and coded for both cartographic and source map relationship purposes. There are 7 valid codes in all. CO Coastline at 1:100k. These lines do not represent lithogeochemical boundaries, but rather represent the coastal extent of the study unit. SE Source Extent. Some areas near the coast were not defined due to a lack of source information. These boundaries are defined separately from the coastline. These lines do not represent lithogeochemical boundaries. SU Study Unit Boundary at 1:24000 scale. These lines do not represent lithogeochemical boundaries. PO State and Country boundaries within the study unit. Retained to facilitate identification of different State-based source materials. LO (i.e. Litho-Outer) Boundaries between lithogeochemical units. LI (i.e. Litho-Inner) Boundaries within lithogeochemical units that represent changes in geology or fault lines. These lines are found primarily in VT and NH and were retained for potential future enhancements. LP (i.e. Lithophysiographic Domain) These areas supercede the lithogeochemical boundaries where the two co-exist. ***************************** Lithophysiographic REGION table Table Name: CONN_LITHO.PATLPHYSIO Item Name: LPHYSIO_DOM This table was created for ease of drawing and selecting entire lithophysiographic regions. A look up table, LPHYSIO.LUT, exists in relation to this REGION for drawing and plotting. If not obtained with the dataset, colors selected in ARC-INFO shadeset colornames are as follows: B/122; C/59; H/12; M/67; N/79; S/52; T/91; Y/118; Z/110Entity_and_Attribute_Detail_Citation: none