Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5076
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5076
Modeling Hydrodynamics and Heat Transport in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, and Implications for Water Quality
Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation
By Tamara M. Wood, Ralph T. Cheng, Jeffrey W. Gartner, Gene R. Hoilman, Mary K. Lindenberg, and Roy E. Wellman
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Figures
Figure 1. Location of monitoring sites in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon.
Figure 2. An example of an unstructured orthogonal grid.
Figure 3. Unstructured orthogonal grid used in model simulations of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon.
Figure 4. Inflows to the Upper Klamath Lake/Agency Lake hydrologic system in Oregon in (A) 2005 and (B) 2006.
Figure 5. Outflows from the Upper Klamath Lake/Agency Lake hydrologic system in Oregon in (A) 2005 and (B) 2006.
Figure 6. Hourly values of lake elevation at Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, measured at two gages, 2005.
Figure 7. Wind speed and direction at site MDL in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. The wind direction ranges from 100 to 460 degrees because 360 degrees have been added to values of wind direction less than 100 degrees to avoid rapid numerical changes when the wind direction moves from east to west of north, and vice versa.
Figure 8. Simulated depth-averaged currents under prevailing (northwest) wind conditions, Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon.
Figure 9. Simulated depth-averaged currents under reversed (southwest) wind conditions, Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon.
Figure 10. Observed and simulated current speeds at Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) sites in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2005.
Figure 11. Observed and simulated current direction at Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) sites in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2005.
Figure 12. Goodness-of-fit velocity statistics at site ADCP1 in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2005 and 2006.
Figure 13. Observed and simulated east-west and north-south current components at site ADCP3 in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2005.
Figure 14. Hourly values of lake elevation at Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, measured at two gages, 2006.
Figure 15. Observed and simulated current speed and direction at two Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) sites in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2006.
Figure 16. Observed and simulated temperatures at 10 shallow sites in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2005.
Figure 17. Goodness-of-fit temperature statistics at 13 sites in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2005 and 2006.
Figure 18. Air temperature at site MDL in 2005 and 2006, and air temperature at site WMR-MET in 2005, Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon.
Figure 19. Observed and simulated temperatures at three deep sites in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2005.
Figure 20. Daily maximum and minimum difference in temperature between near-surface and near-bottom of the water column at three deep sites in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2005.
Figure 21. Observed and simulated temperatures at four deep sites in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2006.
Figure 22. Observed and simulated temperatures at eight shallow sites in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2006.
Figure 23. Observed and simulated temperatures at five nearshore sites in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2006.
Figure 24. Daily maximum and minimum difference in temperature between near-surface and near-bottom of the water column at three deep sites in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2006.
Figure 25. The location of polygons in the numerical grid where the depth was greater than 4.5 meters and where tracer concentrations were defined for numerical experiments.
Figure 26. Concentration of tracers (A) T1 and (B) T2 in the surface layer of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, at day 5 of numerical experiments starting on August 1, 2005.
Figure 27. Time series of the simulated concentration of tracers T1 and T2 during 10 days of numerical experiments starting on August 1, 2005, at sites MDN and MDL in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon.
Figure 28. The 24-hour change in dissolved oxygen concentration that would result from the oxygen production and consumption rates measured in light and dark bottle incubations at sites (A) MDN, (B) MDT, and (C) RPT, in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, between June and October, 2006, as a function of the chlorophyll a concentration measured at the same site on the same date.
Figure 29. Time series of dissolved oxygen concentration data collected at sites MDN, MDT, and MDL in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2005.
Figure 30. Average hourly vertical velocities at site ADCP1 (A) near surface and (B) near bottom, as measured by an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon.
Tables
Table 1. List of symbols used in this report.
Table 2. Summary of the dates of availability of meteorological, velocity and water temperature data in Upper Klamath Lake between May and October of 2005 and 2006; summary of the simulation periods in 2005 and 2006, and the dates over which error statistics were calculated in 2005 and 2006.
Table 3. List of inputs to the hydrodynamic and heat transport model of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon.
Table 4. Goodness-of-fit velocity statistics for the UnTRIM model of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2005.
Table 5. Goodness-of-fit velocity statistics for the UnTRIM model of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2006.
Table 6. Goodness-of-fit temperature statistics for the UnTRIM model of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2005.
Table 7. Goodness-of-fit temperature statistics for the UnTRIM model of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 2006.
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Send questions or comments about this report to the author, T.M. Wood, (503) 251-3255.
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