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U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2012–1005

Sea-Floor Character and Sedimentary Processes of Block Island Sound, Offshore Rhode Island


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Title | List of Figures | Conversion Factors | Abstract | Introduction | Setting | Methods | Bathymetry | Sediment Distribution | Bottom Photography | GIS Data Catalog | Summary | Acknowledgments | References | Contacts | Index


Stations 1-43

Stations 44-86

 

Station  /  Lithologic Description

BIS44 / Flat to faintly rippled sand with scattered patches of gravelly sand and a few cobbles. Drifting and attached red and green seaweed, kelp, burrows, tubes, tracks from seaweed rafted gravel, shells and shell debris, and skate are present.

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bis44a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis44b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis44c

 

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bis44d

BIS45 / Flat to undulating seafloor of bioturbated muddy sand. Dense fine-sand tubes (primarily worm), small and large burrows, starfish, and scattered shells are present.

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis45a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis45b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis45c
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis45d

 

BIS46 / Scattered boulders and cobbles overgrown with hydrozoans and some seaweed separated by burrowed, faintly rippled sand. Skate, small finfish, and hermit crabs are present.

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bis46a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis46b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis46c
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis46d

 

BIS47 / Undulating bioturbated sand with dense patches of fine-sand tubes (primarily worm). Cancer crabs, starfish, drifting seaweed, animal tracks, and scattered shells and encrusting sponges are present.

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bis47a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis47b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.bis47c  
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis47d
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis47e

 

   

BIS48 / Pebble gravel with a few scattered cobbles. Larger rocks are overgrown with green and red seaweed and barnacles; starfish and hydrozoans are present.

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bis48a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis48b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis48c

 

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bis48d
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis48e

 


 

BIS49 / Current-rippled sand waves and megaripples. Clean sand on the crests of the bedforms; gravelly sand is concentrated in the troughs. Starfish are present.

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bis49a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis49b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis49c

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis49d

 

BIS50 / Boulders separated by cobbles and pebble gravel. Rocks are overgrown with hydrozoans, red algae, and sponges. Crab, starfish, and small finfish are present.

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bis50a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis50b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis50c

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis50d
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis50e
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis50f

 


 

BIS51 / Boulders overgrown with hydrozoans, sponges, red algae, and anemones. Boulders are separated by faintly rippled sand with patches of gravel. Starfish and skate are present.

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bis51a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis51b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis51c
 
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bis51d

 

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bis51e

 

 

BIS52 / Cobbles separated by patches of pebble and pea gravel with the sea floor becoming sandier along the drift transect. Cobbles are overgrown with hydrozoans, hydroids, sponges and anemones. Crabs, starfish, whelk, and finfish are present.

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bis52a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis52b

 

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis52c

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis52d

BIS53 / Flat to undulating bioturbated sand with burrows and dense patches of worm and some amphipod tubes. Cancer crabs and a few sponges are present.

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis53a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis53b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis53c


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bis53d

BIS54 / Low, broadly rippled and megarippled sand with scattered gravel. Dense patches of shells and of fine-sand tubes (primarily worm) with cancer crabs, sponges, and starfish are present.

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis54a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis54b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis54c

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis54d

 

BIS55 / Low, broadly rippled gravelly sand with some shell debris in the troughs; hydroids, hydrozoans, moon snails, erect sponges, burrowing anemones, and cancer crabs are present.

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis55a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis55b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis55c

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis55d

 

BIS56 / Flat to undulating bioturbated sand with patches of worm and some amphipod tubes. Cancer crabs and moon snails are present.

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis56a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis56b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis56c


 

BIS57 / Low, broadly clean rippled sand with skate and shell debris in the troughs, interspaced with dense patches of fine-sand tubes (primarily worm) with cancer crabs, encrusting sponges, and starfish.

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bis57a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis57b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis57c

 
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bis57d
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis57e

 


 

BIS58 / Low, broadly rippled and megarippled sand with shell debris and some pea gravel concentrated in the troughs. Hydroids, moon snails, and starfish are present.

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis58a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis58b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis58c

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis58d

 

BIS59 / Flat to low, broadly rippled sand with some shell debris concentrated in the troughs. Scattered hydroids, hydrozoans, and sponges, moon snails, and starfish are present.

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bis59a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis59b

 

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bis59c


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bis59d

BIS60 / Gravel consisting mainly of cobbles with a few scattered boulders, both overgrown with hydrozoans and erect and encrusting sponges. Intervening sea floor is covered with pebble gravel and small patches of sand. Starfish are present.

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bis60a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis60b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis60c


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bis60d

BIS61 / Flat, bioturbated sand. Skate, a few scattered shells, numerous burrows, some fine-sand tubes (primarily worm), and starfish are present.

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis61a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis61b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis61c


 

BIS62 / Flat to undulating bioturbated sand. Skate, starfish, animal tracks, moon snail casings, burrows, and patches of worm and amphipod tubes are present.

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis62a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis62b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis62c


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bis62d

BIS63 / Clean sand with low, broad ripples. Scattered shells and shell debris, moon snails, crabs, fish, sponges, small burrows, and burrowing anemones are present.

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis63a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis63b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis63c


 

BIS64 / Boulders separated by cobbles and pebble gravel. Rocks are overgrown with hydrozoans, hydroids, and encrusting sponges. Seaweed, starfish, small finfish, and scallops are present.

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis64a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis64b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis64c

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis64d
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis64e
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bis64f
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis64g


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bis64h

 

BIS65 / Boulders separated by cobbles and pebble gravel. Rocks are overgrown with hydrozoans, seaweed, encrusting sponges, and anemones. Starfish, small finfish, and scallops are present.

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis65a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis65b

 


 

BIS66 / Gravel sea floor composed largely of cobbles and pebble gravel interspaced with patches of gravelly sand. Hydrozoans, encrusting and erect sponges, starfish, anemones, finfish, crabs, and whelk are present.

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis66a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis66b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis66c

 
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bis66d

 

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bis66e

 

BIS67 / Megaripples of pea and pebble gravel with the coarser material in the troughs. Scattered patches of boulders and cobbles overgrown with hydrozoans, red algae, and seaweed. Small finfish and starfish are present.

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bis67a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis67b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis67c

 
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bis67d
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis67e

 


 

BIS68 / Flat sandy sea floor with scattered patches of pea and pebble gravel and gravelly sand. Cancer crabs, starfish, shell valves, and hydrozoans are present.

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bis68a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis68b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis68c
 
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bis68d
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bis68e

 

 

 

BIS69 / Ripples and megaripples of gravelly sand and pea gravel with the coarsest material in the troughs. Starfish are present.

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bis69a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis69b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis69c

 

 

BIS70 / Undulating to faintly broad rippled, bioturbated sand. Amphipod and worm tubes, small and large burrows, scallops, and skate are present.

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bis70a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis70b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis70c
 
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis70d
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis70e

 

   

BIS71 / Low, broadly rippled clean sand with some shell debris in the troughs. Hermit crabs, scallops, starfish, moon snails, and some fine-sand tubes (primarily worm) are present.

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis71a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis71b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.bis71c Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.bis71d

 

BIS72 / Low, broadly rippled sand with gravel and shell debris concentrated in the troughs changing to flatter sand along the drift track. Hydrozoans, cancer crabs, starfish, and hydroids are present.

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bis72a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis72b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis72c

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis72d
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis72e
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis72f

 


 

BIS73 / Flat sea floor composed mainly of pebble gravel with a few scattered cobbles. Hydrozoans, cancer crabs, starfish, and scallops are present.

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis73a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis73b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis73c

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis73d
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis73e
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis73f

 


 

BIS74 / Relatively flat sea floor composed primarily of pea-, pebble-, and cobble-sized gravel with small patches of burrowed sand. Hydrozoans, cancer crabs, starfish, and shrimp are present.

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bis74a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis74b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis74c

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis74d
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis74e
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis74f

 


 

BIS75 / Megaripples composed primarily of gravel, but with sandy crests. Hydrozoans, starfish, scallops, and cancer crabs are present.

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bis75a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis75b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis75c
 
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bis75d
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis75e

 

 

 

BIS76 / Low broad ripples of gravelly sand with abundant shells and shell debris in the ripple troughs. Cancer crabs, starfish, and hydrozoans are present.

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bis76a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis76b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis76c

 
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bis76d
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis76e

 


 

BIS77 / Ripples with crests of gravelly sand and gravel and shell debris concentrated in the troughs. Starfish, cancer crabs, hydrozoans, moon snails, and sea robins are present.

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bis77a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis77b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis77c

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bis77d
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis77e
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis77f

 


 

BIS78 / Flat to undulating bioturbated sand. Starfish, moon snails, burrows, burrowing anemones, skate, flounder, and scattered worm and amphipod tubes are present.

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bis78a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis78b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis78c

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bis78d
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis78e
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis78f

 


 

BIS79 / Megaripples composed primarily of gravel, but with sandy crests. Scallops are present.

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bis79a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis79b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis79c

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis79d

 

BIS80 / Flat to undulating sand with numerous large and small burrows and amphipod and worm tubes. Cancer crabs, starfish, and moon snail casings are present.

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis80a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis80b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis80c


 

BIS81 / Undulating to faintly rippled, bioturbated sand. Burrows, tubes, starfish, moon snails, finfish, scattered shells and shell debris, and hydrozoans are present.

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis81a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis81b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis81c

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis81d
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis81e
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis81f

 


 

BIS82 / Current-rippled sand. Sand dollars, moon snails, hermit crabs, and a trace of shell debris are present.

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bis82a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis82b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis82c

 
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bis82d
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis82e

 


 

BIS83 / Boulders covered with kelp and nondescript red seaweed separated by small patches of rippled sand and gravel. Starfish and small finfish are present.

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bis83a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis83b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis83c

Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis83d
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis83e
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis83f

 

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bis83g

 

BIS84 / Flat, undulating bioturbated sand bottom. Skate, burrows, amphipods, hydrozoans, animal tracks, hermit crabs, and sea dollars are present.

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bis84a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis84b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis84c

 
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis84d
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis84e

 


 

BIS85 / Ripples of clean sand with abundant shells and shell debris in the troughs dominate the first half of the station, where starfish and scallops are present. Flat, bioturbated sand dominates the second half, where skate, burrows, and worm and amphipod tubes are present.

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bis85a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis85b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis85c

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bis85d
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis85e
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis85f

 


 

BIS86 / Boulders covered with nondescript red seaweed and kelp separated by small patches of ripples sand and gravel. Numerous small finfish are present.

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bis86a
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis86b
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis86c

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bis86d
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bis86e
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis86f
Thumbnail of a photograph of the sea floor, click to view full scale photograh.
bis86g


 

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