Survey lines along which swath backscatter data were collected south of Martha's Vineyard and north of Nantucket by the U.S. Geological Survey offshore of Massachusetts in 2013 (2013-003-FA_BackscatterTracklines, Esri Polyline Shapefile, Geographic, WGS84)

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Metadata:


Identification_Information:
Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
Publication_Date: 2016
Title:
Survey lines along which swath backscatter data were collected south of Martha's Vineyard and north of Nantucket by the U.S. Geological Survey offshore of Massachusetts in 2013 (2013-003-FA_BackscatterTracklines, Esri Polyline Shapefile, Geographic, WGS84)
Edition: 1.0
Geospatial_Data_Presentation_Form: vector digital data
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Open-File Report
Issue_Identification: 2016-1168
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place:
Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program
Online_Linkage:
https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1168/GIS_catalog/shapefile/2013-003-FA_BackscatterTracklines.zip
Online_Linkage:
https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1168/ofr2016-1168-data_catalog.html
Larger_Work_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Seth D. Ackerman
Originator: Laura L. Brothers
Originator: David S. Foster
Originator: Brian D. Andrews
Originator: Wayne E. Baldwin
Originator: William C. Schwab
Publication_Date: 2016
Title:
High-Resolution Geophysical Data From the Inner Continental Shelf: South of Martha's Vineyard and North of Nantucket, Massachusetts
Edition: 1.0
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Open-File Report
Issue_Identification: 2016-1168
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Reston, VA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Online_Linkage: https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161168
Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1168/
Description:
Abstract:
These data were collected under a cooperative agreement between the Massachusetts Office of Coastal Zone Management (CZM) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Coastal and Marine Geology Program, Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center (WHCMSC). Initiated in 2003, the primary objective of this program is to develop regional geologic framework information for the management of coastal and marine resources. Accurate data and maps of sea floor geology are important first steps toward protecting fish habitat, delineating marine resources, and assessing environmental changes due to natural or human impacts. The project is focused on the inshore waters of coastal Massachusetts, primarily in water depths of 5 to 30 meters (m) deep. Data collected for the mapping cooperative have been released in a series of USGS Open-File Reports (http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/project-pages/coastal_mass/). The geophysical data were collected during a survey in 2013 during USGS Field Activity 2013-003-FA (http://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/fan_info.php?fa=2013-003-FA) and cover approximately 185 square kilometers of the inner continental shelf.
Purpose:
The backscatter data collected along these tracklines were used to define the seafloor morphology as part of the Massachusetts Seafloor Mapping Project. This dataset contains approximately 1840 linear kilometers of trackline navigation for interferometric sonar (Systems Engineering and Assessment Ltd. SWATHPlus-M) backscatter data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey during USGS survey 2013-003-FA in 2013 offshore of Massachusetts, south of Martha's Vineyard and north of Nantucket.
Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 20130522
Ending_Date: 20130611
Currentness_Reference:
ground condition of survey dates: 20130522-20130611; see Completeness_Report for more information
Status:
Progress: Complete
Maintenance_and_Update_Frequency: None planned
Spatial_Domain:
Bounding_Coordinates:
West_Bounding_Coordinate: -70.805409
East_Bounding_Coordinate: -70.034621
North_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.388894
South_Bounding_Coordinate: 41.196104
Keywords:
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Theme_Keyword: U.S. Geological Survey
Theme_Keyword: USGS
Theme_Keyword: Coastal and Marine Geology Program
Theme_Keyword: CMGP
Theme_Keyword: Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
Theme_Keyword: WHCMSC
Theme_Keyword: seafloor
Theme_Keyword: sea floor
Theme_Keyword: Marine Geology
Theme_Keyword: field activity 2013-003-FA
Theme_Keyword: field activity number 13003
Theme_Keyword: USGS CMG InfoBank ID U-03-13-MA
Theme_Keyword: shapefile
Theme_Keyword: trackline
Theme_Keyword: survey line
Theme_Keyword: backscatter
Theme_Keyword: swath backscatter
Theme_Keyword: interferometry
Theme_Keyword: SEA SWATHPlus
Theme_Keyword: SEA Submetrix
Theme_Keyword: M/V Scarlett Isabella
Theme:
Theme_Keyword_Thesaurus: ISO 19115 Topic Category
Theme_Keyword: oceans
Theme_Keyword: location
Place:
Place_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Place_Keyword: North America
Place_Keyword: United States
Place_Keyword: Atlantic Ocean
Place_Keyword: Massachusetts
Place_Keyword: Marthas Vineyard
Place_Keyword: Martha's Vineyard
Place_Keyword: Nantucket
Place_Keyword: Nantucket Sound
Place_Keyword: Cape Cod
Stratum:
Stratum_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Stratum_Keyword: Seafloor
Stratum_Keyword: Sea floor
Stratum_Keyword: Surface
Temporal:
Temporal_Keyword_Thesaurus: None
Temporal_Keyword: 2013
Access_Constraints: None
Use_Constraints:
Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey as the source of this information.
Point_of_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Seth Ackerman
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Position: Geologist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd.
City: Woods Hole
State_or_Province: MA
Postal_Code: 02543-1598
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2315
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sackerman@usgs.gov
Browse_Graphic:
Browse_Graphic_File_Name:
https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1168/GIS_catalog/browse_img/big/2013-003-FA_BackscatterTracklines.jpg
Browse_Graphic_File_Description:
Swath backscatter trackline navigation for south of Martha's Vineyard and north of Nantucket, Massachusetts
Browse_Graphic_File_Type: JPEG
Native_Data_Set_Environment:
Microsoft Windows Vista Version 6.1 (Build 7601) Service Pack 1; ESRI ArcCatalog 9.3.1.1850
Cross_Reference:
Citation_Information:
Originator: Denny, J.F.
Originator: Danforth, W.W.
Originator: Foster, D.S.
Originator: Sherwood, C.R.
Publication_Date: 2009
Title:
Geophysical Data Collected off the South Shore of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts
Series_Information:
Series_Name: Open-File Report
Issue_Identification: 2008-1288
Publication_Information:
Publication_Place: Reston, VA
Publisher: U.S. Geological Survey
Online_Linkage: https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1288/

Data_Quality_Information:
Logical_Consistency_Report:
Much of the excessively noisy or poor quality data were removed during processing. The backscatter trackline for L1F1 deviates slightly from the bathymetry trackline. The backscatter trackline for L1F1 exhibits the true course-over-ground, while the bathymetry trackline is smoothed from data processing where swath data were edited.
Completeness_Report:
This dataset includes all of the swath-backscatter trackline navigation that was processed for USGS field activity 2013-003-FA. On a case by case basis, some of the swath-backscatter data may not have been processed and therefore no trackline was created (e.g. if a line was stopped for various reasons and a new line was restarted covering the same area of the original survey line or if a line was split during processing and a section of the line was not used or processed). Line L1f1 was split due to navigation errors and issues with staying on the survey line. The line was restarted as L1f2, and the split off section at the end of line L1f1 was discarded. Line L59f1 was split so that data collected after the end of the line, during a turn and transit to the next survey line, could be discarded. L43f1 was split into L43f1-CH12 and L43f1-CH12-SPL000, and both were processed and included in the backscatter mosaic. Line L212f1 was split where the vessel veered offline to collect a sound speed cast, and the split off section was discarded. This shapefile includes trackline navigation from all processed swath-backscatter data; only quality sonar data along the main survey lines were included in the final backscatter mosaic (2013-003-FA_Backscatter1m.tif) found in this report. Excessively noisy or poor quality data were not included in the final mosaic. Data from some survey lines were omitted where they overlapped with equal or better quality data from adjacent lines. Data along tie and transit lines were generally not included in the final mosaic either. An approximately 24 square kilometer area offshore of Edgartown Great Pond (south of Martha's Vineyard, MA) was not surveyed because it was surveyed in 2007 using the same system as part of a separate project to study the area around Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory (MVCO), see USGS Open File Report 2008-1288 for more information https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2008/1288/. The only data from the SWATHplus system processed and published from the 2007 survey was the swath bathymetry; backscatter data from 2007 survey was from a Klein 3000 dual-frequency sidescan-sonar (L3-Klein Associates). Time gaps occurred during this field activity where no surveying was done due to bad weather, rough seas and stops in port for crew changes. Planned surveying was paused and no main survey line data were collected during these times:
JD143 15:20 - JD146 20:06 (no data were collected on JD144 or JD145)
JD149 15:40 - JD151 18:59 (no data were collected on JD150)
JD153 00:01 - JD153 14:32 
JD155 18:16 - JD156 02:06
JD158 06:12 - JD160 19:15 (no data were collected on JD159)
Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy:
Horizontal_Positional_Accuracy_Report:
USGS Field Activity 2013-003-FA: Navigation was acquired with a Coda Octopus F185R Real-time Kinematic Global Positioning System (RTK-GPS); which is accurate to less than 1 meter (typically on the order of centimeters), horizontally. The SWATHPlus-M transducers were mounted on a rigid pole, approximately 2.17 m below the water line, along the port side of the M/V Scarlett Isabella. The RTK-GPS antenna was located on the same pole approximately 4.6 m above the sea surface. These offsets were corrected within the SWATHPlus acquisition software.
Lineage:
Source_Information:
Source_Citation:
Citation_Information:
Originator: U.S. Geological Survey
Publication_Date: Unpublished Material
Title: raw backscatter data
Type_of_Source_Media: disc
Source_Time_Period_of_Content:
Time_Period_Information:
Range_of_Dates/Times:
Beginning_Date: 20130522
Ending_Date: 20130611
Source_Currentness_Reference:
ground condition during the survey dates: 20130522-20130611; see Completeness_Report for more information
Source_Citation_Abbreviation: raw data
Source_Contribution:
This trackline navigation dataset document the ship tracks along which swath-backscatter data was collected by the USGS (with a 234 kHz Systems Engineering and Assessment Ltd. (SEA) SWATHplus interferometric sonar mounted on the M/V Scarlett Isabella). Data were acquired during May and June 2013. USGS Configuration: Survey: Survey lines were run at an average speed of 5 knots and were generally spaced 100 m apart to obtain overlapping swaths of data and full seafloor coverage. Sonar: The SEA SWATHplus-M operates at a frequency of 234 kHz and a variable range (increased or decreased manually depending on water depth). The system was operated with a transmit power: 80 percent, a transmit length: 43 cycles, 4096 samples per channel, ping rate of 15 per second. Additional sonar configuration information can be found in the metadata for the backscatter mosaic (2013-003-FA_Backscatter1m.tif) included with this report (USGS Open-File Report 2016-XXXX, High-Resolution Geophysical Data From the Inner Continental Shelf: South of Martha's Vineyard and North of Nantucket, Massachusetts. at https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1168/ofr2016-1168-data_catalog.html).
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Raw data: Survey navigation information is stored within each raw (sxr) data file. Raw SWATHPlus bathymetric sonar files (sxr) were acquired using SEA SWATHPlus Swath Processor (ver. 3.07.17). This process step and all subsequent process steps were performed by the same person - Seth Ackerman.
Source_Used_Citation_Abbreviation: raw data
Process_Date: 2013
Process_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Seth Ackerman
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Position: Geologist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd.
City: Woods Hole
State_or_Province: MA
Postal_Code: 02543-1598
Contact_Voice_Telephone: (508) 548-8700x2315
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: (508) 457-2310
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sackerman@usgs.gov
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
SonarWiz Import: A new Chesapeake Technology SonarWiz project (ver. 5.06.0018) was created with projection information set to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 19, WGS84. Each SWATHPlus raw file (SXR) was imported to the new SonarWiz project using the Import -> Sidescan Files Wizard. Generally the default options were used; being sure to select the option for "channels 1 and 2" and the "Navigation is stored in MCOM (F-180) binary packets" option under "File Type Specific Options" (SEA SwathPlus).
Process_Date: 2013
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
SonarWiz Processing: Backscatter data were processed in SonarWiz (ver. 5 and 6). After processing was complete, navigation was exported from SonarWiz (ver. 6.01.0032) as a CSV (Comma Separated Value) text file by selecting TOOLS and EXTRACT CSF (Chesapeake Sonar File) NAVIGATION TO TEXT FILE.
Process_Date: 201510
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
Python and shell scripts were used to reformat the navigation text files and add them to a SQLite database (version 2.6.0) that was geospatially extended using SpatiaLite (version 4.2.0_1). The processing flow for this step follows: A. A Python script (pyReformatSidescanNav.py) was used to read and reformat CSV navigation files. The script reformatted each record to include the Julian Day (JD) with year and time, and it added fields for the survey line name, field activity number (2013-003-FA), survey vessel (M/V Scarlett Isabella) and the device used (SWATHplus 234(M)). B. A Python script (pySQLBSidescanNav.py) ran on each reformatted CSV file, parsing the file from each record and adding points to the SQLite database (which is created if it does not already exist). The pySQLSidescanNav script creates both point and trackline navigation for each survey line. This process populates attribute fields for the survey line ('LineName'), Year and Julian day ('Year_JD_init') survey line started, Julian day and UTC time ('JD_UTC_init') survey line started, Year and Julian day ('Year_JD_end') survey line ended, Julian day and UTC time ('JD_UTC_end') survey line ended, survey ID ('SurveyID'), survey vessel name ('VehicleID'), device used to collect the data ('DeviceID') and length field ('Length_km'). C. When all of the survey lines have been processed into the SQLite database, a polyline shapefile is exported from the database using spatialite_tools (ver. 4.1.1). Steps A and B were both run within a shell script called sonarwiznavconv.
Process_Date: 201602
Process_Step:
Process_Description:
XTools Pro (version 12.0) for ArcGIS desktop was used (Table Operations - Table Restructure) to rename long attribute headings in the polyline shapefile's attribute table. Table attributes for the survey line ('LineName'), Year and Julian day ('Yr_JD_str') survey line started, Julian day and UTC time ('JD_UTC_str') survey line started, Year and Julian day ('Yr_JD_end') survey line ended, Julian day and UTC time ('JD_UTC_end') survey line ended, survey ID ('SurveyID'), survey vessel name ('VehicleID'), device used to collect the data ('DeviceID') and length field ('Length_km') of each line were already populated but renamed if necessary.
Process_Date: 201602

Spatial_Data_Organization_Information:
Direct_Spatial_Reference_Method: Vector
Point_and_Vector_Object_Information:
SDTS_Terms_Description:
SDTS_Point_and_Vector_Object_Type: String
Point_and_Vector_Object_Count: 251

Spatial_Reference_Information:
Horizontal_Coordinate_System_Definition:
Geographic:
Latitude_Resolution: 0.000001
Longitude_Resolution: 0.000001
Geographic_Coordinate_Units: Decimal degrees
Geodetic_Model:
Horizontal_Datum_Name: WGS_1984
Ellipsoid_Name: WGS 84
Semi-major_Axis: 6378137.000000
Denominator_of_Flattening_Ratio: 298.257224

Entity_and_Attribute_Information:
Detailed_Description:
Entity_Type:
Entity_Type_Label: 2013-003-FA_BackscatterTracklines
Entity_Type_Definition: Trackline for swath backscatter sonar system
Entity_Type_Definition_Source: USGS
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: FID
Attribute_Definition: Internal feature number
Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Unrepresentable_Domain:
Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Shape
Attribute_Definition: Feature geometry.
Attribute_Definition_Source: ESRI
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Unrepresentable_Domain: Coordinates defining the features
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: LineName
Attribute_Definition:
Survey line/file name; generally in the format l###f@-CH12 where ### is the name of the trackline along which swath bathymetric data was collected, @ is the file iteration (indicates the survey line was split into multiple files during acquisition) and CH12 indicated that channels 1 and 2 were imported. For example: survey line 179 was interrupted 30 minutes into the line, the ship circled around to the location where surveying was paused; there are 2 tracklines for line 179 "l179f1-CH12" and "l179f2-CH12".
Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Unrepresentable_Domain: String up to 18 characters
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Yr_JD_str
Attribute_Definition:
Year and Julian day of the start of data collection for a specific survey line where Julian day is the integer number (although recorded here in text string format) representing the interval of time in days since January 1 of the year of collection. For example: the Yr_JD_str field for l100f1_sxp is "2013-154"
Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Unrepresentable_Domain: 8 character string
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: JD_UTC_str
Attribute_Definition:
Julian day and time in UTC of the start of data collection for a specific survey line where Julian day is the integer number representing the interval of time in days since January 1 of the year of collection and UTC time is time represented in the format "hh:mm:ss". For example: the JD_UTC_str field for l100f1_sxp is "154:05:07:43"
Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Unrepresentable_Domain: 12 character string
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Yr_JD_end
Attribute_Definition:
Year and Julian day of the end of data collection for a specific survey line where Julian day is the integer number (although recorded here in text string format) representing the interval of time in days since January 1 of the year of collection. For example: the Yr_JD_end field for l100f1_sxp is "2013-154"
Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Unrepresentable_Domain: 8 character string
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: JD_UTC_end
Attribute_Definition:
Julian day and time in UTC of the end of data collection for a specific survey line where Julian day is the integer number representing the interval of time in days since January 1 of the year of collection and UTC time is time represented in the format "hh:mm:ss". For example: the JD_UTC_end field for l100f1_sxp is "154:06:07:22"
Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Unrepresentable_Domain: 12 character string
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: SurveyID
Attribute_Definition:
WHCMSC field activity identifier in the new style (e.g. "2013-003-FA" where 2013 is the survey year, 003 is survey number of that year, and FA is Field Activity); Note the old style of this would be represented as "13003"
Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Unrepresentable_Domain: 11 character string
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: VehicleID
Attribute_Definition: Name of the survey vessel used for data collection
Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Unrepresentable_Domain: 21 character string
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: DeviceID
Attribute_Definition: Name of the sonar device used to collect swath backscatter data
Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Unrepresentable_Domain: 16 character string
Attribute:
Attribute_Label: Length_km
Attribute_Definition:
Length of the swath backscatter survey line in kilometers (UTM Zone 19N, WGS84)
Attribute_Definition_Source: USGS
Attribute_Domain_Values:
Range_Domain:
Range_Domain_Minimum: 0.67
Range_Domain_Maximum: 22.30

Distribution_Information:
Distributor:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Seth Ackerman
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Position: Geologist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd.
City: Woods Hole
State_or_Province: MA
Postal_Code: 02543-1598
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2315
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sackerman@usgs.gov
Resource_Description:
USGS data release 2013-003-FA backscatter navigation tracklines from south of Martha's Vineyard and north of Nantucket. The zip file contains a shapefile (2013-003-FA_BackscatterTracklines.shp) and metadata files in three standard formats.
Distribution_Liability:
Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Standard_Order_Process:
Digital_Form:
Digital_Transfer_Information:
Format_Name: SHP
Format_Version_Number: SpatiaLite
Format_Specification: polyline shapefile
Format_Information_Content:
Trackline navigation for swath backscatter data (interferometric-sonar) collected by the U.S. Geological Survey offshore of Massachusetts south of Martha's Vineyard and north of Nantucket. This includes associated metadata.
File_Decompression_Technique:
Use 7zip, WinZip, Peazip, pkUnzip, Keka or other uncompressing software
Transfer_Size: 7.6
Digital_Transfer_Option:
Online_Option:
Computer_Contact_Information:
Network_Address:
Network_Resource_Name:
https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1168/GIS_catalog/shapefile/2013-003-FA_BackscatterTracklines.zip
Network_Resource_Name:
https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2016/1168/ofr2016-1168-data_catalog.html
Network_Resource_Name: https://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161168
Access_Instructions: Data can be downloaded via the World Wide Web (WWW)
Offline_Option:
Offline_Media: DVD-ROM
Recording_Capacity:
Recording_Density: 4.75
Recording_Density_Units: GB
Recording_Format: UDF
Fees: none
Technical_Prerequisites:
This zip file contains data available in Esri shapefile format. The zip file also contains associated metadata. The user must have software to read and process the data file. A free data viewer, ArcExplorer, capable of displaying the data is available from Esri at www.esri.com.

Metadata_Reference_Information:
Metadata_Date: 20160909
Metadata_Contact:
Contact_Information:
Contact_Person_Primary:
Contact_Person: Seth Ackerman
Contact_Organization: U.S. Geological Survey
Contact_Position: Geologist
Contact_Address:
Address_Type: mailing and physical address
Address: 384 Woods Hole Rd.
City: Woods Hole
State_or_Province: MA
Postal_Code: 02543-1598
Country: USA
Contact_Voice_Telephone: 508-548-8700 x2315
Contact_Facsimile_Telephone: 508-457-2310
Contact_Electronic_Mail_Address: sackerman@usgs.gov
Metadata_Standard_Name: FGDC Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata
Metadata_Standard_Version: FGDC-STD-001-1998
Metadata_Time_Convention: local time

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