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Figure 38. A, Geographic location of ice cores used in the ice-core composite record. B, Northern Hemisphere temperature records. The ice-core reference period for B is 1961–1990. The blue line is a reconstruction of temperature from Jones and Mann (2004); the short red segment of the line depicts the meteorological observations compiled by Jones and Moberg (2003). C, Composite of decadal averages of the isotope δ¹⁸O from ice cores from the Andes Mountains and Tibetan Plateau during the past two millennia. The Z score is the standard deviation from its respective mean (Mosley-Thompson and others, 2006). The ice-core reference period for C is the 2,000 years preceding the 21st century.