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Figure 58. The differences between reference mass balances (glacier area considered constant) and conventional mass balances (glacier area changing in time, per observations), calculated for the mass-time series of 33 Northern Hemisphere benchmark glaciers. This difference, expressed in percent, shows an increase during 35 years (1965–2000) and may be indirectly related to the increase in positive air-temperature anomalies (temperature anomalies are from Hansen and others, 1999).