Soon after their introduction in the 1950s, digital computers were used for various phases of the mapping process, especially for trigonometric calculations of survey data and for orientation of aerial photographs on map manuscripts. In addition, computer-controlled plotters were used to draw simple outline maps. The process of collecting data for the plotters was slow and not as precise as those produced by the best manual cartography. Only during the 1980s has it become technologically feasible and cost-effective to assemble and use the data required to automate the mapping process. -from Authors