Modeling haul-out behavior of walruses in Bering Sea ice
Canadian Journal of Zoology
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Abstract
Understanding haul-out behavior of ice-associated pinnipeds is essential for designing and interpreting popula-tion surveys and for assessing effects of potential changes in their ice environments. We used satellite-linked transmitters to obtain sequential information about location and haul-out state for Pacific walruses, Odobenus rosmarus divergens (Il-liger, 1815), in the Bering Sea during April of 2004, 2005, and 2006. We used these data in a generalized mixed model of haul-out bout durations and a hierarchical Bayesian model of haul-out probabilities to assess factors related to walrus haul-out behavior, and provide the first predictive model of walrus haul-out behavior in sea ice habitat. Average haul-out bout duration was 9 h, but durations of haul-out bouts tended to increase with durations of preceding in-water bouts. On aver-age, tagged walruses spent only about 17% of their time hauled out on sea ice. Probability of being hauled out decreased with wind speed, increased with temperature, and followed a diurnal cycle with the highest values in the evening. Our haul-out probability model can be used to estimate the proportion of the population that is unavailable for detection in spring surveys of Pacific walruses on sea ice.
Suggested Citation
Udevitz, M.S., Jay, C.V., Fischbach, A., Garlich-Miller, J., 2009, Modeling haul-out behavior of walruses in Bering Sea ice: Canadian Journal of Zoology, v. 87, no. 12, p. 1111-1128, https://doi.org/10.1139/Z09-098.
| Publication type | Article |
|---|---|
| Publication Subtype | Journal Article |
| Title | Modeling haul-out behavior of walruses in Bering Sea ice |
| Series title | Canadian Journal of Zoology |
| DOI | 10.1139/Z09-098 |
| Volume | 87 |
| Issue | 12 |
| Year Published | 2009 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Candadian Science Publishing |
| Contributing office(s) | Alaska Science Center |
| Description | 18 p. |
| First page | 1111 |
| Last page | 1128 |