Deep-ocean ferromanganese crusts and nodules
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Abstract
Ferromanganese crusts and nodules may provide a future resource for a large variety of metals, including many that are essential for emerging high- and green-technology applications. A brief review of nodules and crusts provides a setting for a discussion on the latest (past 10 years) research related to the geochemistry of sequestration of metals from seawater. Special attention is given to cobalt, nickel, titanium, rare earth elements and yttrium, bismuth, platinum, tungsten, tantalum, hafnium, tellurium, molybdenum, niobium, zirconium, and lithium. Sequestration from seawater by sorption, surface oxidation, substitution, and precipitation of discrete phases is discussed. Mechanisms of metal enrichment reflect modes of formation of the crusts and nodules, such as hydrogenetic (from seawater), diagenetic (from porewaters), and mixed diagenetic–hydrogenetic processes.
Suggested Citation
Hein, J.R., and Koschinsky, A., 2014, Deep-ocean ferromanganese crusts and nodules, chap. of Treatise on geochemistry, v. 13, p. 273-291, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.01111-6.
| Publication type | Book chapter |
|---|---|
| Publication Subtype | Book Chapter |
| Title | Deep-ocean ferromanganese crusts and nodules |
| DOI | 10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.01111-6 |
| Edition | Second |
| Volume | 13 |
| Year Published | 2014 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Elsevier |
| Contributing office(s) | Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center |
| Description | 19 p. |
| Larger Work Type | Book |
| Larger Work Subtype | Monograph |
| Larger Work Title | Treatise on geochemistry |
| First page | 273 |
| Last page | 291 |