Scientific understanding of the global carbon cycle is required for developing national and international policy to mitigate fossil fuel CO₂ emissions by managing terrestrial carbon uptake. Toward that understanding and as a contribution to the REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes (RECCAP) project, this paper provides a synthesis of net land–atmosphere CO₂ exchange for North America (Canada, United States, and Mexico) over the period 1990–2009. Only CO₂ is considered, not methane or other greenhouse gases. This synthesis is based on results from three different methods: atmospheric inversion, inventory-based methods and terrestrial biosphere modeling. All methods indicate that the North American land surface was a sink for atmospheric CO₂, with a net transfer from atmosphere to land. Estimates ranged from −890 to −280 Tg C yr⁻¹, where the mean of atmospheric inversion estimates forms the lower bound of that range (a larger land sink) and the inventory-based estimate using the production approach the upper (a smaller land sink). This relatively large range is due in part to differences in how the approaches represent trade, fire and other disturbances and which ecosystems they include. Integrating across estimates, "best" estimates (i.e., measures of central tendency) are −472 ± 281 Tg C yr⁻¹ based on the mean and standard deviation of the distribution and −360 Tg C yr⁻¹ (with an interquartile range of −496 to −337) based on the median. Considering both the fossil fuel emissions source and the land sink, our analysis shows that North America was, however, a net contributor to the growth of CO₂ in the atmosphere in the late 20th and early 21st century. With North America's mean annual fossil fuel CO₂ emissions for the period 1990–2009 equal to 1720 Tg C yr⁻¹ and assuming the estimate of −472 Tg C yr⁻¹ as an approximation of the true terrestrial CO₂ sink, the continent's source : sink ratio for this time period was 1720:472, or nearly 4:1.