Effects of supershear rupture speed on the high-frequency content of S waves investigated using spontaneous dynamic rupture models and isochrone theory
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Abstract
In this paper we achieve three goals: (1) We demonstrate that crack tips governed by friction laws, including slip weakening, rate- and state-dependent laws, and thermal pressurization of pore fluids, propagating at supershear speed have slip velocity functions with reduced high-frequency content compared to crack tips traveling at subshear speeds. This is demonstrated using a fully dynamic, spontaneous, three-dimensional earthquake model, in which we calculate fault slip velocity at nine points (locations) distributed along a quarter circle on the fault where the rupture is traveling at supershear speed in the in-plane direction and subshear speed in the antiplane direction. This holds for a fault governed by the linear slip-weakening constitutive equation, by slip weakening with thermal pressurization of pore fluid, and by rate- and state-dependent laws with thermal pressurization. The same is also true even assuming a highly heterogeneous initial shear stress field on the fault. (2) Using isochrone theory, we derive a general expression for the spectral characteristics and geometric spreading of two pulses arising from supershear rupture, the well-known Mach wave, and a second lesser known pulse caused by rupture acceleration. (3) We demonstrate that the Mach cone amplification of high frequencies overwhelms the de-amplification of high-frequency content in the slip velocity functions in supershear ruptures. Consequently, when earthquake ruptures travel at supershear speed, a net enhancement of high-frequency radiation is expected, and the alleged “low” peak accelerations observed for the 2002 Denali and other large earthquakes are probably not caused by diminished high-frequency content in the slip velocity function, as has been speculated.
Publication type | Article |
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Publication Subtype | Journal Article |
Title | Effects of supershear rupture speed on the high-frequency content of S waves investigated using spontaneous dynamic rupture models and isochrone theory |
Series title | Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth |
DOI | 10.1029/2007JB005146 |
Volume | 113 |
Issue | B5 |
Year Published | 2008 |
Language | English |
Publisher | American Geophysical Union |
Contributing office(s) | Earthquake Science Center |
Description | B05304, 18 p. |
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