Independent and interactive effects of disease and methylmercury on demographic rates across multiple amphibian populations

Morgan P. Kain; Blake R. Hossack; Kelly Smalling; Brian J. Halstead; Daniel A. Grear; David A. Miller; Michael J. Adams; Adam R. Backlin; William Barichivich; Collin A. Eagles-Smith; Colleen Emery; Jillian Elizabeth Fleming; Robert N. Fisher; Elizabeth Gallegos; Duoa J. Lor; Patrick M. Kleeman; Erin L. Muths; Ty Pan; Christopher Pearl; Charles W. Robinson; Caitlin Teresa Rumrill; Brian J. Tornabene; J. Hardin Waddle; Susan Walls; Evan H. Campbell Grant

doi:10.1038/s41598-025-99839-3

Independent and interactive effects of disease and methylmercury on demographic rates across multiple amphibian populations

Scientific Reports

By: Morgan P. Kain, Blake R. Hossack, Kelly Smalling, Brian J. Halstead, Daniel A. Grear, David A. Miller, Michael J. Adams, Adam R. Backlin, William Barichivich, Collin A. Eagles-Smith, Colleen Emery, Jillian Elizabeth Fleming, Robert N. Fisher, Elizabeth Gallegos, Duoa J. Lor, Patrick M. Kleeman, Erin L. Muths, Ty Pan, Christopher Pearl, Charles W. Robinson, Caitlin Teresa Rumrill, Brian J. Tornabene, J. Hardin Waddle, Susan Walls, and Evan H. Campbell Grant

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99839-3

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Data Release: USGS data release - Effects of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and methylmercury on survival of amphibians across the United States
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Abstract

Disease, alone or combined with other stressors such as habitat loss and contaminants, affects wildlife populations worldwide. However, interactions among stressors and how they affect demography and populations remain poorly understood. The amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; Bd) is a sometimes-lethal pathogen linked with population declines and extirpations of amphibians globally. Laboratory evidence shows ubiquitous contaminants like methylmercury (MeHg) can reduce vigor and survival of amphibians, but population-level effects remain unclear. We used non-lethal sampling to assess how Bd and MeHg affected survival of juvenile and adult amphibians in 20 populations across the USA. Survival of several species declined with increasing Bd loads, including some species previously considered resistant to Bd (e.g., eastern newt [Notophthalmus viridescens]). Although our sampling for MeHg was less intensive than for Bd, we found MeHg can both directly reduce survival and synergistically magnify the effects of Bd infection. For a population of foothill yellow-legged frogs (Rana boylii), the estimated reduction in survival from MeHg exceeded that from Bd. Although effects varied widely among populations and species, our results help clarify the potential for synergistic effects of disease and contaminants and emphasize the complexity of identifying and quantifying the population-level effects of interactions among stressors.

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Additional publication details
Publication type	Article
Publication Subtype	Journal Article
Title	Independent and interactive effects of disease and methylmercury on demographic rates across multiple amphibian populations
Series title	Scientific Reports
DOI	10.1038/s41598-025-99839-3
Volume	15
Publication Date	May 19, 2025
Year Published	2025
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Nature
Contributing office(s)	Eastern Ecological Science Center
Description	17314, 12 p.
Country	United States