Objective

The Lake Winnebago system in Wisconsin supports a popular winter spear fishery for Lake Sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens. Setting harvest caps for this fishery relies on estimating instantaneous natural mortality rate (M), which can be done using age-based approaches or capture–recapture models that incorporate recoveries of fish with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags or detections of fish with acoustic transmitters. Our objectives were to determine (1) if recent estimates of exploitation (u) have exceeded the 5% harvest cap, (2) if M and total mortality rates are similar among estimation methods that rely on age estimates or capture–recapture methods, and (3) if potential differences in mortality estimates would affect harvest caps.

Methods

Harvest of PIT-tagged fish was used to evaluate u from 2010 to 2019. Catch curves incorporating corrected fin ray ages were used to estimate total mortality and M for fish collected from 2010 to 2019. Capture–recapture models were used to estimate annual survival and M from detections of fish with acoustic transmitters from 2007 to 2019 and recoveries of PIT-tagged fish from 1999 to 2020. Mortality estimates were used to calculate and compare sex-specific harvest caps among estimation methods.

Results

Observed u did not exceed 5% for either sex between 2010 and 2019. Estimates of M varied among methods (males: M = 0.001–0.134; females: M = 0.001–0.131), with PIT-based models consistently providing the lowest and telemetry-based models providing the highest estimates. Simulations indicated that female u has limited potential to exceed 5% if M from fin ray ages or telemetry is used to set harvest caps, while PIT-based simulations showed no indication of cap exceedance.

Conclusions

Harvest management practices in the Lake Winnebago system appear to have kept Lake Sturgeon exploitation below the 5% harvest cap from 2010 to 2019. Capture–recapture models relying on PIT tags appear to provide the most precise approach for setting harvest caps for this fishery.