Complex sound scattering layer and water-column dynamics over a mesophotic coral ecosystem: Southwest Puerto Rico, U.S.A.

Coral Reefs
By: , and 

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Abstract

A nearly 5-month record of high-resolution temperature and acoustic backscatter profiles from the upper insular slope off southwest Puerto Rico reveals complex sound scattering layer (SSL) dynamics over a mesophotic coral ecosystem (MCE). The SSLs exhibited both diel and reverse diel vertical migration, thin layer (< 5 m) and multiple layer formations, depth modulation due to internal waves, and vertical layering in the absence of water column stratification. The long-term observations also capture SSL and water column dynamics across changing seasons and two category five hurricanes, Irma and María. The SSLs, likely comprosed of zooplankton, represent an important food source for both the sessile (e.g., corals and sponges) and mobile (e.g., fish) MCE taxa, and their effective vertical mobility underscores their importance to trophic connectivity between the upper and lower slope MCEs, as well as the shelf. Our results also underscore the challenges in adequately resolving zooplankton aggregations using conventional sampling techniques.

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Publication type Article
Publication Subtype Journal Article
Title Complex sound scattering layer and water-column dynamics over a mesophotic coral ecosystem: Southwest Puerto Rico, U.S.A.
Series title Coral Reefs
DOI 10.1007/s00338-025-02747-1
Volume 44
Publication Date September 12, 2025
Year Published 2025
Language English
Publisher Springer Nature
Contributing office(s) Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Description 8 p.
First page 2147
Last page 2154
Country United States
Other Geospatial Puerto Rico
Additional publication details