Evaluation of the acute toxicity of the piscicide TFM to Burbot

Journal of Wildlife Management
By: , and 

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Abstract

Non-target animal sensitivity remains a concern when treating Laurentian Great Lakes streams with 4-nitro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenol (TFM), the main pesticide used to control Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus as part of the bi-national Great Lakes Fishery Commission's Sea Lamprey Control Program. Populations of Burbot Lota lota, a historically and culturally important fish, inhabit some of the streams that are treated with TFM. While many species of fish inhabiting the Great Lakes streams have been assessed for sensitivity to TFM, we are not aware of previous research to assess the risk to Burbot. We assessed the sensitivity of Burbot to TFM using replicate 12-hour flow-through diluter toxicity tests. We found Burbot to have a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 9.74 mg/L, while the minimum lethal concentration (LC99.9) for Sea Lamprey was predicted to be 2.5 mg/L in similar waters. The resulting toxicity ratio (LC50 of non-target organism/LC99.9 of Sea Lamprey) of Burbot was 3.90, well above the toxicity ratios for known sensitive species. Our results suggest Burbot are not expected to be adversely affected during a typical TFM stream treatment.

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Publication type Article
Publication Subtype Journal Article
Title Evaluation of the acute toxicity of the piscicide TFM to Burbot
Series title Journal of Wildlife Management
DOI 10.1002/jwmg.70110
Volume 89
Issue 8
Publication Date September 15, 2025
Year Published 2025
Language English
Publisher The Wildlife Society
Contributing office(s) Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center
Description e70110, 10 p.
Country Canada, United States
Other Geospatial Great Lakes
Additional publication details