The long-term viability of the iconic Joshua tree of the Mojave Desert is being evaluated. In 2022, we measured the abundance and heights of Joshua tree stems on 62 1000 m2 plots in the eastern Mojave Desert of California. The 2022 plots were represented by 33 plots in a population of western Joshua trees (Yucca brevifolia) and 29 plots in a population of eastern Joshua trees (Y. jaegeriana). Five plots had no Joshua trees; two of which in the western Joshua tree population were destroyed by fire. The 57 plots with Joshua trees supported 627 stems ranging from stems less than 25 cm to mature trees. The plots were examined by abundance and four size classes of the stems, as indicated by their height and indicative of their reproductive status. The western Joshua tree population had more stems (407) than the eastern population (220 stems) although the median difference was not significant. The western population had significantly more stems in pre-reproductive size classes, juvenile (> 25 cm to one-meter, p = 0.001) and sub_adult (> one- to two-meters, p = 0.001), than the eastern population but significantly fewer adult (> two-meters, p < 0.001) stems. The eastern population had significantly greater mean height of adult trees (302 cm +/- 75.3 cm) than the western population (263 cm +/- 52.9 cm) and a larger proportion of stems taller than two-meters (56%) than the western population (39%). In contrast, the western population has 77% of its population in younger size classes (> 25 cm to < 2 meters). These abundance and size class measures alone do not predict whether either population has sufficient natural stand regeneration for long term persistence, but the younger size class structure of the western population suggests greater long-term resilience than for the eastern population.