Frameworks for assessing tsunami hazard and risk

Natalia Zamora; Anita Grezio; Maria Papathoma-Kohle; Fatemeh Jalayer; Dimitra Salmanidou; Thomas E. Parsons; Eric L. Geist; Jacopo Selva; Mathilde B. Sørensen; Irina Rafliana

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-98115-9_2

Frameworks for assessing tsunami hazard and risk

By: Natalia Zamora, Anita Grezio, Maria Papathoma-Kohle, Fatemeh Jalayer, Dimitra Salmanidou, Thomas E. Parsons, Eric L. Geist, Jacopo Selva, Mathilde B. Sørensen, and Irina Rafliana

Edited by: Mathilde B. Sørensen, Jorn Behrens, Fatemeh Jalayer, Finn Løvholt, Stefano Lorito, Irina Rafliana, Mario A. Salgado-Gálvez, and Jacopo Selva

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-98115-9_2

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Abstract

Tsunamis are multiscale phenomena resulting from a water column displacement that may be induced by multiple sources, and range from local scale inundation processes to ocean-wide scale wave propagation. Different strategies may be required to model tsunami evolution at different scales and to characterize various intensity measures. Research in tsunami hazard and risk has focused mostly on the tsunami effects such as the wave heights or flow depths. This chapter reviews the evolution of tsunami hazard and risk assessment methodologies, with particular emphasis on the development of probabilistic approaches. Building on advances in numerical modeling and uncertainty analysis, two main frameworks for Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard and Risk Analysis (PTHA/PTRA) are described. Framework 1 (FW1) focuses on quantitative methods, including fully simulation-based assessments (FW1A), integration of hazard with vulnerability and loss models (FW1B), consideration of dynamic processes such as tidal and sea-level variations (FW1C), and approaches using limited scenario sets (FW1D). Framework 2 (FW2) complements this by incorporating indicator-based vulnerability assessments, both physical (FW2A) and social, multi-dimensional (FW2B).

Suggested Citation

Zamora, N., Grezio, A., Papathoma-Kohle, M., Jalayer, F., Salmanidou, D., Parsons, T.E., Geist, E.L., Selva, J., Sørensen, M.B., Rafliana, I., 2026, Frameworks for assessing tsunami hazard and risk, chap. 2 of Probabilistic tsunami hazard and risk analysis, v. 14, p. 13-86, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-98115-9_2.

Additional publication details
Publication type	Book chapter
Publication Subtype	Book Chapter
Title	Frameworks for assessing tsunami hazard and risk
Chapter	2
DOI	10.1007/978-3-031-98115-9_2
Volume	14
Publication Date	January 31, 2026
Year Published	2026
Language	English
Publisher	Springer
Contributing office(s)	Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center
Description	74 p.
Larger Work Type	Book
Larger Work Subtype	Monograph
Larger Work Title	Probabilistic tsunami hazard and risk analysis
First page	13
Last page	86