Impacts of onshore wind energy production on biodiversity

Nature Biodiversity Reviews
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Abstract

Wind is increasingly used as a renewable source of energy worldwide. However, harvesting wind energy can have negative consequences for biodiversity. In this Review, we summarize the growth of onshore wind power, its impacts on species and ecosystems, and how those impacts are assessed and mitigated. Across the construction, operation and decommissioning stages, wind facilities are associated with wildlife fatality and behavioural change as well as alteration, loss and fragmentation of terrestrial and aerial habitat. These negative consequences can be mitigated by avoiding construction of wind turbines at sensitive sites, detecting and deterring wildlife, curtailing turbines to reduce fatalities, and replacing lost habitats. Uncertainty about wildlife populations and their demographic parameters, the rate and extent of build-out of onshore wind energy, and best practices for mitigation, as well as variability in regulatory requirements by country or region, all contribute to the difficulty of predicting the consequences of this technology for biodiversity. Scenario-based modelling that incorporates population- and community-level consequences to biodiversity from varying degrees of wind energy development — including the cumulative effects of multiple facilities — is key to addressing this uncertainty.

Suggested Citation

Katzner, T., Nelson, D.M., Marques, A.T., Voigt, C.C., Lambertucci, S.A., Rebolo, N., Bernard, E., Diehl, R.H., Murgatroyd, M., 2025, Impacts of onshore wind energy production on biodiversity: Nature Biodiversity Reviews, no. 1, p. 567-580, https://doi.org/10.1038/s44358-025-00078-1.

Publication type Article
Publication Subtype Journal Article
Title Impacts of onshore wind energy production on biodiversity
Series title Nature Biodiversity Reviews
DOI 10.1038/s44358-025-00078-1
Issue 1
Publication Date September 08, 2025
Year Published 2025
Language English
Publisher Springer Nature
Contributing office(s) Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center
Description 14 p.
First page 567
Last page 580
Additional publication details