Getting ahead of the crises: Developing an avian malaria disease management plan for Hawaiian forest birds

Conservation Science and Practice
By: , and 

Links

Abstract

Avian malaria is an existential threat to a majority of native Hawaiian forest birds. Climate change is facilitating the spread of malaria to historically disease-free areas, and despite the risk of native Hawaiian forest bird extinctions from malaria outbreaks, no comprehensive disease management plans exist for forest bird conservation areas. Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge, Hawai‘i, supports a thriving bird community in a historically disease-free area that is now vulnerable to malaria incursion. Drawing on the expertise of land managers and research scientists, we developed an approach that could be used to proactively address the risk of expanding malaria into the Refuge. The plan lays out a multi-level approach that includes options for monitoring and management actions depending on defined threat levels: Vigilant, High Alert, Disease Outbreak, and Crisis levels. Initial Vigilant and High Alert levels monitor bird populations, climate conditions, and mosquito occurrence for signs of possible disease outbreaks, with higher levels shifting toward more direct management responses. While specific actions will change as new tools become available, the proactive approach can help Refuge managers better respond to changing malaria levels in the future and provide a model for managing disease here in Hawai‘i and elsewhere.

Suggested Citation

Paxton, E.H., Naboa, E., Agorastos, N.R., Ball, D.L., Fortini, L., Cady, T., Camp, R.J., Hart, P.J., Kaye, S., Kendall, S.J., LaPointe, D.A., Lopez, R.D., McClure, K.M., and Navine, A.K., 2025, Getting ahead of the crises: Developing an avian malaria disease management plan for Hawaiian forest birds: Conservation Science and Practice, v. 8, no. 2, e70191, 15 p., https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.70191.

Study Area

Publication type Article
Publication Subtype Journal Article
Title Getting ahead of the crises: Developing an avian malaria disease management plan for Hawaiian forest birds
Series title Conservation Science and Practice
DOI 10.1111/csp2.70191
Volume 8
Issue 2
Publication Date December 10, 2025
Year Published 2025
Language English
Publisher Society for Conservation Biology
Contributing office(s) Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center
Description e70191, 15 p.
Country United States
State Hawaii
Other Geospatial Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge
Additional publication details