Long-Term Monotonic Trends in Water Budget Components in the Contiguous United States: Insights From Two Hydrologic Models

Journal of the American Water Resources Association
By: , and 

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Abstract

Characterizing changes to water availability for domestic, industrial, agricultural, and other uses is essential to support water management. To better quantify these changes, the U.S. Geological Survey and National Science Foundation National Center for Atmospheric Research produced two hydrologic models simulating water budget components from 1980 to 2021 over the contiguous United States (CONUS). Both hydrologic models were driven by a common atmospheric forcing dataset and aggregated to common spatial and temporal scales, which enables a novel evaluation of congruency between the models. We present annual and seasonal trends in six water budget components (precipitation, evapotranspiration, streamflow, groundwater recharge, soil saturation, and snow water equivalent) based on the Mann–Kendall test for monotonic trend and Theil-Sen slope estimate for the water year 1983–2021 period for ~86,000 catchments in CONUS. Additional components and metrics from our analysis pipeline are available in an associated published dataset, which contains more than 46 million trend results. The water budget trends showed broad agreement with prior observational and modeling studies that indicate increasing trends in the northeast and decreasing trends in southwestern CONUS. We found the seasonal variability in water budget trends was greatest in the southern, central, and northwest CONUS. These findings support integrated trend assessments when coupled with trends in water quality and use.

Suggested Citation

Goodling, P.J., Foks, S., and Ayers, J., 2026, Long-Term Monotonic Trends in Water Budget Components in the Contiguous United States: Insights From Two Hydrologic Models: Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 62, no. 2, e70109, 10 p., https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.70109.

Study Area

Publication type Article
Publication Subtype Journal Article
Title Long-Term Monotonic Trends in Water Budget Components in the Contiguous United States: Insights From Two Hydrologic Models
Series title Journal of the American Water Resources Association
DOI 10.1111/1752-1688.70109
Volume 62
Issue 2
Publication Date April 04, 2026
Year Published 2026
Language English
Publisher Wiley
Contributing office(s) WMA - Earth System Processes Division
Description e70109, 10 p.
Country United States
Other Geospatial Contiguous United States
Additional publication details