Assessing pesticide application contributions of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in agricultural streams
Environmental Science & Technology Letters
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Abstract
Research has documented per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to be prevalent in streams impacted by urban sources; less is known regarding PFAS contributions via pesticide applications: PFAS coming from pesticide containers and “inert” ingredients not listed on pesticide formulation labels. To better understand co-occurrence of pesticides and PFAS in agricultural streams, 10 streams were sampled in two agricultural valleys in northern California, USA during two periods of pesticide application (May and July of 2024). Water samples were analyzed for 183 pesticides and 57 PFAS. Sixty pesticides were detected: 23 herbicides, 18 insecticides, 18 fungicides, and 1 synergist. Overall detection frequencies (DF) ranged from 0 to 100%, and concentrations ranged from non-detect (ND) to 782 ng/L (fluxapyroxad). Fourteen PFAS were detected: 6 perfluoroalkyl carboxylates, 5 perfluoroalkyl sulfonates, 2 perfluoroalkyl acid precursors, and 1 perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acid with DFs ranging from 0 to 60% (PFOA) and concentrations ranging from ND to 20 ng/L (PFBA). Co-occurrence of PFAS and pesticides was observed in 80% of samples. Adopting the global definition of PFAS (includes fluorinated pesticides), pesticide applications are a likely source of instream PFAS. Examination of total organic fluorine and transformations to terminal and ultra-short PFAS could further elucidate pesticide contributions to environmental PFAS.
Suggested Citation
Woodward, E.E., Hladik, M.L., Orlando, J., Uychutin, M., Gray, J.L., and Kolpin, D., 2026, Assessing pesticide application contributions of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in agricultural streams: Environmental Science & Technology Letters, v. 13, no. 4, p. 586-593, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.6c00132.
ISSN: 2328-8930 (online)
Study Area
| Publication type | Article |
|---|---|
| Publication Subtype | Journal Article |
| Title | Assessing pesticide application contributions of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in agricultural streams |
| Series title | Environmental Science & Technology Letters |
| DOI | 10.1021/acs.estlett.6c00132 |
| Volume | 13 |
| Issue | 4 |
| Publication Date | March 11, 2026 |
| Year Published | 2026 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | ACS Publications |
| Contributing office(s) | Pennsylvania Water Science Center |
| Description | 8 p. |
| First page | 586 |
| Last page | 593 |
| Country | United States |
| State | California |
| Other Geospatial | Sacramento Valley, San Joaquin Valley |