Spatial heterogeneity of salt marsh vulnerability to sea-level rise: Dual controls of hydrological setting and salinity regime

Geophysical Research Letters
By: , and 

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Abstract

Salt marsh vulnerability to sea-level rise (SLR) is typically assessed using point measurements of vertical accretion, neglecting three-dimensionality of geomorphic evolution and spatial variability. Recent studies suggest links between vertical and horizontal vulnerability, with differences between oligohaline and polyhaline marshes, yet these relationships remain untested in estuary-marsh systems. Here we combine geospatial analysis with hydrodynamic modeling to evaluate how unvegetated/vegetated marsh ratio (UVVR), a metric of marsh degradation, relates to elevation across hydrological regions and salinity regimes in the Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine System, the largest lagoonal estuary in U.S. We show that at given normalized elevation, UVVR decreases across hydrological regions and salinity regimes from offshore to inland. UVVR-elevation relationship varies systematically with both hydrological setting and salinity regime, with hydrology exerting stronger influence. These findings challenge the assumption of a universal marsh deterioration trajectory and underscore the need to account for spatial heterogeneity when predicting responses to SLR.

Suggested Citation

Yin, D., Defne, Z., Ganju, N., Warner, J., Ralston, D.K., Harris, C.K., and Li, B., 2026, Spatial heterogeneity of salt marsh vulnerability to sea-level rise: Dual controls of hydrological setting and salinity regime: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 53, no. 8, e2025GL119461, 12 p., https://doi.org/10.1029/2025GL119461.

Study Area

Publication type Article
Publication Subtype Journal Article
Title Spatial heterogeneity of salt marsh vulnerability to sea-level rise: Dual controls of hydrological setting and salinity regime
Series title Geophysical Research Letters
DOI 10.1029/2025GL119461
Volume 53
Issue 8
Publication Date April 22, 2026
Year Published 2026
Language English
Publisher American Geophysical Union
Contributing office(s) Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center
Description e2025GL119461, 12 p.
Country United States
State North Carolina
Other Geospatial Albemarle‐Pamlico Estuarine System
Additional publication details