Sample Science Traceability Matrix (SSTM) for Perseverance’s Mars sample return collection

Astrobiology
By: , and 

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Abstract

The Mars Sample Return (MSR) Campaign aims to retrieve a set of carefully selected and documented samples collected by NASA’s Perseverance rover in and around Jezero Crater on Mars and deliver this set to Earth for comprehensive laboratory analyses. To emphasize the immense scientific return of this unique collection, this work presents a Sample Science Traceability Matrix (SSTM), a systematic framework that aligns each sample with the MSR campaign’s defined science objectives, subobjectives, and critical research questions. The SSTM explicitly connects prioritized goals—including geologic history, astrobiology, planetary evolution, and human exploration science—to each of the individual samples gathered in and around Jezero Crater on Mars. This matrix offers a structured, quantitative method to assess each sample’s capacity to address key scientific questions, while highlighting synergies across the sample suite and showcasing the overall value of the collection. The SSTM provides a valuable tool for guiding future sample analyses and identifying the most impactful samples that could be collected in the future to complete the set collected by the Mars 2020 mission. It also supports the next phase of Mars sample science and informs strategies for future Mars exploration missions.

Suggested Citation

Zorzano, M., Czaja, A.D., Bosak, T., Bouvier, A., Carrier, B.L., French, K.L., Glavin, D.P., Harrington, A.D., Hausrath, E.M., Herd, C.D., Hickman-Lewis, K., Mayhew, L.E., McCubbin, F.M., Schwenzer, S.P., Sefton-Nash, E., Siljeström, S.M., Simon, J.L., Teece, B.L., Thiessen, F., Weiss, B.P., Science Group, T., Kminek, G., Hays, L.E., Dauphas, N., Hallis, L., Harris, R., Hauber, E., Rodriguez, L., Steele, A., Tait, K., Thorpe, M.T., Usui, T., Velbel, M., and Vanhomwegen, J., 2025, Sample Science Traceability Matrix (SSTM) for Perseverance’s Mars sample return collection: Astrobiology, v. 25, no. 10, p. 725-741, https://doi.org/10.1177/15311074251382585.

Publication type Article
Publication Subtype Journal Article
Title Sample Science Traceability Matrix (SSTM) for Perseverance’s Mars sample return collection
Series title Astrobiology
DOI 10.1177/15311074251382585
Volume 25
Issue 10
Publication Date December 11, 2025
Year Published 2025
Language English
Publisher SAGE Publications
Contributing office(s) Central Energy Resources Science Center
Description 17 p.
First page 725
Last page 741
Other Geospatial Mars
Additional publication details