Advancing ecosystem recovery with diverse species plantings in tropical forest restoration

Forests
By: , and 

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Abstract

Tropical forest restoration has increased in the past decades, with possible advancements given the UN declaration of the “Decade of Ecosystem Restoration”. However, robust assessments to compare ecosystem functions among restored forest stages are essential. We evaluated 13 actively restored forest stands ranging from 3 to 21 years of age and compared measures of forest biodiversity, structure, and ecosystem function to four 70+ year old “reference” stands that serve as restoration “targets” in the study region of the Premontane wet forest of Costa Rica. The restored stands were planted with an average of 13 tree species on abandoned pastures that were fallow for at least two years. Sixteen tree-stand attributes and six ecosystem function estimates were assessed, including: annual biomass (C) accumulation, N-fixation potential, threatened species conservation, and the provision of avian frugivore forage, insect habitat, and insect pollination. Using Principal Component Analysis, linear modeling, and Mahalanobis distance analyses, we learned that planting a diversity of tree species sets the stage for forest recovery at early restoration ages, with an inflection point at 15 years towards older reference forest characteristics and functions. Given that all restoration ages provided tree diversity and some level of ecosystem functions, the value of all restored stands in the landscape is notable. The assessment methods are easily employed, thereby providing an accessible tool to restoration practitioners.

Suggested Citation

Hamilton, D.A., Rojas, V.M., and Donovan, T.M., 2026, Advancing ecosystem recovery with diverse species plantings in tropical forest restoration: Forests, v. 17, no. 5, 617, 29 p., https://doi.org/10.3390/f17050617.

Study Area

Publication type Article
Publication Subtype Journal Article
Title Advancing ecosystem recovery with diverse species plantings in tropical forest restoration
Series title Forests
DOI 10.3390/f17050617
Volume 17
Issue 5
Publication Date May 20, 2026
Year Published 2026
Language English
Publisher MDPI
Contributing office(s) Coop Res Unit Leetown
Description 617, 29 p.
Country Costa Rica
Other Geospatial Monteverde
Additional publication details