Characterization of rock samples and mineralogical controls on leachates
Jane M. Hammarstrom, Charles A. Cravotta III, Daniel G. Galeone, John C. Jackson, Frank T. Dulong
Roger J. Hornberger, Keith B.C. Brady, editor(s)
2009, Report, Development and interpretation of the ADTI-WP2 Leaching Column Method (kinetic test procedure for the prediction of coal mine drainage quality). EPA Method 1627
Rocks associated with coal beds typically include shale, sandstone, and (or) limestone. In addition to common rock-forming minerals, all of these rock types may contain sulfide and sulfate minerals, various carbonate minerals, and organic material. These different minerals have inherently different solubility characteristics, as well as different acid-generating or acid-neutralizing...
Estimating phosphorus concentrations following alum treatment using apparent settling velocity
John Panuska, Dale M. Robertson
2009, Lake and Reservoir Management (15) 28-38
he apparent settling velocity (Vs) is a term used in empirical, steady-state, mass-balance lake models to represent the net phosphorus flux from the water column. The Vollenweider (1969) mixed-reactor lake model was rearranged and used to calculate Vs values for total phosphorus (TP) for three lakes treated with alum to...
Rehabilitation of Delavan Lake, Wisconsin
Dale M. Robertson, Gerald L. Goddard, D.R. Helsel, Kevin L. MacKinnon
2009, Lake and Reservoir Management (16) 155-176
A comprehensive rehabilitation plan was developed and implemented to shift Delavan Lake, Wisconsin, from a hypereutrophic to a mesotrophic condition. The plan was threefold: (1) reduce external phosphorus (P) loading by applying Best Management Practices in the watershed, enhance an existing wetland, and short-circuit the inflows through...
Evaluation of methods and uncertainties in the chemical budgets
James W. LaBaugh, Donald C. Buso, Gene E. Likens
Thomas Winterstein, Gene E. Likens, editor(s)
2009, Book chapter, Mirror Lake: Interactions among air, land, and water
This chapter examines the uncertainties inherent in the water and chemical budgets of the lake in relation to the differences between chemical mass change in storage and to the balance between solute inputs and solute outputs associated with water fluxes. It begins by discussing uncertainty in the water budgets used...
Diffusion-equation representations of landform evolution in the simplest circumstances: Appendix C
Thomas C. Hanks
2009, Book, Friends of the Pleistocene 2009 Pacific Cell Field Trip: Paleoseismic, geomorphic, and geodetic studies across the Central Great Basin: Exploring active deformation along the eastern edge of the Pacific/North American plate boundary.
The diffusion equation is one of the three great partial differential equations of classical physics. It describes the flow or diffusion of heat in the presence of temperature gradients, fluid flow in porous media in the presence of pressure gradients, and the diffusion of molecules in the presence of chemical...
Online interactive U.S. Reservoir Sedimentation Survey Database
J.B. Gray, J.M. Bernard, G. E. Schwarz, D. W. Stewart, K.T. Ray
2009, Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union (90) 199
In April 2009, the U.S. Geological Survey and the Natural Resources Conservation Service (prior to 1994, the Soil Conservation Service) created the Reservoir Sedimentation Survey Database (RESSED) and Web site, the most comprehensive compilation of data from reservoir bathymetric and dry basin surveys in the United States. RESSED data can...
Converting nonstandard fish sampling data to standardized data
James T. Peterson, Craig P. Paukert
2009, Book chapter, Standard methods for sampling North American freshwater fishes
Fishery biologists spend considerable effort over multiple years collecting data on fish population and community status using a particular sampling method or set of methods. However, new (and often more effective) sampling methods and technologies are continuously being developed. To incorporate these new sampling techniques, fishery biologists need a means...
Remote sensing of global croplands for food security: Way forward
Prasad S. Thenkabail, John G. Lyon
Prasad S. Thenkabail, Chandrashekhar M. Biradar, Hugh Turral, John G. Lyon, editor(s)
2009, Book chapter, Remote sensing of global croplands for food security
This book opens a new pathway for global mapping that is focused on a specific land use theme, such as irrigated or rain-fed croplands and classes within these themes. Since croplands use most of the water consumed by humans, specific knowledge of irrigated and rain-fed croplands will be critical for...
Global Map of Rainfed Cropland Areas (GMRCA) and statistics using remote sensing
Chandrashekhar M. Biradar, Prasad S. Thenkabail, Praveen Noojipady, Y.J. Li, Venkateswarlu Dheeravath, Manohar Velpuri, Hugh Turral, Xueliang L. Cai, Murali Krishna Gumma, Obi Reddy P. Gangalakunta
Prasad S. Thenkabail, Chandrashekhar M. Biradar, Hugh Turral, John G. Lyon, editor(s)
2009, Book chapter, Remote sensing of global croplands for food security
No abstract available....
Global irrigated area maps (GIAM) and statistics using remote sensing
Prasad S. Thenkabail, Y.J. Li, Chandrashekhar M. Biradar, Murali Krishna Gumma, Praveen Noojipady, Venkateswarlu Dheeravath, Manohar Velpuri, Obi Reddy P. Gangalakunta
Prasad S. Thenkabail, Chandrashekhar M. Biradar, Hugh Turral, John G. Lyon, editor(s)
2009, Book chapter, Remote sensing of global croplands for food security
No abstract available....
Natural low-pH environments unaffected by human activity
Robert G. Eppinger, Ron Fuge
2009, Applied Geochemistry (24) 189-190
Remote sensing of global croplands for food security
Prasad S. Thenkabail, Chandrashekhar M. Biradar, Hugh Turral, John G. Lyon
2009, Book
Increases in populations have created an increasing demand for food crops while increases in demand for biofuels have created an increase in demand for fuel crops. What has not increased is the amount of croplands and their productivity. These and many other factors such as decreasing water resources in a...
Climate and hydrological changes in the northeastern United States: recent trends and implications for forested and aquatic ecosystems
Thomas G. Huntington, Andrew D. Richardson, Kevin J. McGuire, Katharine Hayhoe
2009, Canadian Journal of Forest Research (39) 199-212
We review twentieth century and projected twenty-first century changes in climatic and hydrologic conditions in the northeastern United States and the implications of these changes for forest ecosystems. Climate warming and increases in precipitation and associated changes in snow and hydrologic regimes have been observed over the last century, with...
A look at construction aggregates production
Jason Christopher Willett
2009, Stone, Sand & Gravel Review (25) 33-36
Construction aggregates are defined as the combination of crushed stone and construction sand and gravel. Aggregates are one of the most accessible natural resources on Earth and one of the fundamental building blocks of our society. They have been used from the earliest times of our civilization for a variety...
Mineral resource of the month: gold
Micheal W. George
2009, Earth (54) 29-29
The article presents information on the valuable mineral called gold. It states that early civilizations valued gold because of its scarcity, durability and characteristics yellow color. By the late 20th century, gold was used as an industrial metal because of its unique physicochemical properties. The U.S. has several productive deposits...
Mineral resource of the month: ferrous slag
Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey
2009, Earth (54) 39-39
The article offers information on mineral resource ferrous slag. Ferrous slag is produced through the addition of materials such as limestone and dolomite to blast and steel furnaces to remove impurities from iron ore and to lower the heat requirements for processes in iron and steel making. It is stated...
Mineral resource of the month: bromine
Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey
2009, Earth (54) 29-29
The article offers information on bromine, a natural element considered as a dissolved species in seawater, saltwater lakes and underground brines linked with petroleum deposits. Bromine belongs to the halogen group of elements and is characterized with brownish-red color and beach-like odor. It is commonly used in flame retardants, agriculture...
Mineral resource of the month: lime
Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey
2009, Earth (54) 29-29
The article presents facts about lime, which is said to be a caustic chemical manufactured from limestone or other calcium carbonates in a kiln at temperatures ranging from 935 to 1,350 degrees Celsius. It states that lime is widely used in industries such as steelmaking, paper production and chemical manufacturing....
Mineral resource of the month: iodine
Desiree E. Polyak
2009, Earth (54) 29-29
The article focuses on iodine, its benefits and adverse effects, and its production and consumption. It states that iodine is essential to humans for it produces thyroid hormones to nourish thyroid glands but excessive intake could cause goiter, hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. U.S. laws require salt iodization to help prevent diseases....
Mineral resource of the month: thorium
Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey
2009, Earth (54) 27-27
This article provides information on thorium. Thorium is a natural radioactive element that can be found with other minerals. It can be used to generate power, produce light and transmit energy. Thorium has a potential to be used as a nuclear fuel. This element was discovered by Swedish chemist and...
Mineral resource of the month: pumice and pumicite
Water Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey
2009, Earth (54) 29-29
The article offers information on pumice, an important commodity for the construction, horticulture and abrasives industries. The commodity is described as an extremely light, highly porous extrusive volcanic rock which was formed due to the rapid cooling of air-pocketed lava. It is noted that the characteristics of pumice make it...
Carbon sequestration and its role in the global carbon cycle
Brian J. McPherson, Eric T. Sundquist
2009, Book
For carbon sequestration the issues of monitoring, risk assessment, and verification of carbon content and storage efficacy are perhaps the most uncertain. Yet these issues are also the most critical challenges facing the broader context of carbon sequestration as a means for addressing climate change. In response to these challenges,...
Channel water balance and exchange with subsurface flow along a mountain headwater stream in Montana, United States
R.A. Payn, M.N. Gooseff, B.L. McGlynn, K.E. Bencala, S.M. Wondzell
2009, Water Resources Research (45)
Channel water balances of contiguous reaches along streams represent a poorly understood scale of stream-subsurface interaction. We measured reach water balances along a headwater stream in Montana, United States, during summer base flow recessions. Reach water balances were estimated from series of tracer tests in 13 consecutive reaches delineated evenly...
Exploration review
D.R. Wilburn
2009, Mining Engineering (61) 35-49
This summary of international mineral exploration activities for 2008 draws upon available information from industry sources, published literature and U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) specialists. The summary provides data on exploration budgets by region and mineral commodity, identifies significant mineral discoveries and areas of mineral exploration, discusses government programs affecting the...
Critical uncertainties and research needs for the restoration and conservation of native lampreys in North America
Matthew G. Mesa, Elizabeth S. Copeland
2009, Book chapter, Biology, management, and conservation of lampreys in North America
We briefly reviewed the literature, queried selected researchers, and drew upon our own experience to describe some critical uncertainties and research needs for the conservation and restoration of native lampreys in North America. We parsed the uncertainties and research needs into five general categories: (1) population status; (2) systematics; (3)...
