Preliminary results from the Viking orbiter imaging experiment
M. H. Carr, H. Masursky, W.A. Baum, K.R. Blasius, G.A. Briggs, J.A. Cutts, T. Duxbury, R. Greeley, J. E. Guest, B.A. Smith, L.A. Soderblom, J. Veverka, J.B. Wellman
1976, Science (193) 766-776
During its first 30 orbits around Mars, the Viking orbiter took approximately 1000 photographic frames of the surface of Mars with resolutions that ranged from 100 meters to a little more than 1 kilometer. Most were of potential landing sites in Chryse Planitia and Cydonia and near Capri Chasma. Contiguous...
A magnetic method for determining the geometry of hydraulic fractures
J.D. Byerlee, M.J.S. Johnston
1976, Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH (114) 425-433
We propose a method that may be used to determine the spatial orientation of the fracture plane developed during hydraulic fracture. In the method, magnetic particles are injected into the crack with the fracturing fluid so as to generate a sheet of magnetized material. Since the magnetization of a body...
Mixing of carbonate waters
T.M.L. Wigley, Niel Plummer
1976, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (40) 989-995
When mineral solutions of different compositions are mixed, the molalities and activities of individual ions in the mixture are often non-linear functions of their end-member values. This non-linearity is particularly significant in determining mineral saturation levels. Mixtures of saturated solutions may be either...
Identification of excess 40Ar by the 40Ar 39Ar, age spectrum technique
M. A. Lanphere, G. Brent Dalrymple
1976, Earth and Planetary Science Letters (32) 141-148
40Ar/39Ar incremental heating experiments on igneous plagioclase, biotite, and pyroxene that contain known amounts of excess40Ar indicate that saddle-shaped age spectra are diagnostic of excess40Ar in igneous minerals as well as in igneous rocks. The minima in the age spectra approach but...
Discovery of natural resources
P. W. Guild
1976, Science (191) 708-713
Mankind will continue to need ores of more or less the types and grades used today to supply its needs for new mineral raw materials, at least until fusion or some other relatively cheap, inexhaustible energy source is developed. Most deposits being mined today were exposed at the surface or...
The Viking landing sites: Selection and certification
H. Masursky, N.L. Crabill
1976, Science (193) 809-812
During the past several years the Viking project developed plans to use Viking orbiter instruments and Earth-based radar to certify the suitability of the landing sites selected as the safest and most scientifically rewarding using Mariner 9 data. During June and July 1976, the Earth-based radar and orbital spacecraft observations...
Intrinsic germanium detector used in borehole sonde for uranium exploration
F. E. Senftle, R.M. Moxham, A.B. Tanner, G. R. Boynton, P. W. Philbin, J.A. Baicker
1976, Nuclear Instruments and Methods (138) 371-380
A borehole sonde (~1.7 m long; 7.3 cm diameter) using a 200 mm2 planar intrinsic germanium detector, mounted in a cryostat cooled by removable canisters of frozen propane, has been constructed and tested. The sonde is especially useful in measuring X- and low-energy gamma-ray spectra (40–400 keV). Laboratory tests in...
Thermomagnetic analysis of meteorites, 3. C3 and C4 chondrites
J.M. Herndon, M.W. Rowe, E.E. Larson, D.E. Watson
1976, Earth and Planetary Science Letters (29) 283-290
Thermomagnetic analysis was made on samples of all known C3 and C4 chondrites in a controlled oxygen atmosphere. Considerable variation was noted in the occurrence of magnetic minerals, comparable to the variation observed earlier in the C2 chondrites. Magnetite was found...
Automation in photogrammetry: Recent developments and applications (1972-1976)
M.M. Thompson, E.M. Mikhail
1976, Photogrammetria (32) 111-145
An overview of recent developments in the automation of photogrammetry in various countries is presented. Conclusions regarding automated photogrammetry reached at the 1972 Congress in Ottawa are reviewed first as a background for examining the developments of 1972-1976. Applications are described for each country reporting significant developments. Among fifteen conclusions...
Qal’eh hasan ali maars, central Iran
D.J. Milton
1976, Bulletin Volcanologique (40) 201-208
A group of craters 120 km southeast of Kerman, the largest 1200 m across and 300 m deep, are typical maars, excavated depression with rims of bedded pyroclastic debris. Most of the crater rims are composed entirely of country rock clasts, but the largest crater yields tephrite, composed of phenocrysts...
Turbidity distribution in the Atlantic Ocean
Stephen Eittreim, E. M. Thorndike, L. Sullivan
1976, Deep-Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts (23) 1115-1127
The regional coverage of Lamont nephelometer data in the North and South Atlantic can be used to map seawater turbidity at all depths. At the level of the clearest water, in the mid-depth regions, the turbidity distribution primarily reflects the pattern of productivity in the surface waters. This suggests that...
Constant potential pulse polarography
J. H. Christie, Larry L. Jackson, R. A. Osteryoung
1976, Analytical Chemistry (48) 561-564
The new technique of constant potential pulse polarography, In which all pulses are to be the same potential, is presented theoretically and evaluated experimentally. The response obtained is in the form of a faradaic current wave superimposed on a constant capacitative component. Results obtained with a computer-controlled system exhibit a...
Aseismic uplift in Southern California
Robert O. Castle, Jack P. Church, Michael R. Elliot
1976, Science (192) 251-253
Preliminary examination of the historic geodetic record has disclosed crustal uplift of 0.15 to 0.25 meter that apparently began around 1960 and has since grown to include at least 12,000 square kilometers of southern California. This uplift extends at least 150 kilometers west-northwestward along the San Andreas Fault from Cajon...
Indexes associated with information theory in water quality
S.M. Zand
1976, Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation (48) 2026-2031
In many biological studies of water quality, a diversity index is calculated in 'bits per individual' by using Shannon's Approximation to Brillouin's Formula. Difficulties associated with such use of Shannon's Formula and its associated parameters are discussed. Recent research has indicated that diversity indexes can be improved if (a) biological...
Evidence of the impacting body of the Ries crater - the discovery of Fe-Cr-Ni veinlets below the crater bottom
Goresy A. El, E. C. T. Chao
1976, Earth and Planetary Science Letters (31) 330-340
Fe-Cr-Ni particles and veinlets have been discovered in the top 15 m of the compressed zone with abundant shatter cones below the bottom of the Ries crater. The metallic particles are less than a few microns across. They occur in various minerals along healed intergranular and locally in intragranular microfractures...
Observations of eruption clouds from Sakura-zima volcano, Kyushu, Japan from Skylab 4
J. D. Friedman, G. Heiken, D. Randerson, D.S. McKay
1976, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (1) 305-329
Hasselblad and Nikon stereographic photographs taken from Skylab between 9 June 1973 and 1 February 1974 give synoptic plan views of several entire eruption clouds emanating from Sakura-zima volcano in Kagoshima Bay, Kyushu, Japan. Analytical plots of these stereographic pairs, studied in combination with meteorological data, indicate that the eruption...
Mineralogy of ash of some American coals: Variations with temperature and source
R.S. Mitchell, H.J. Gluskoter
1976, Fuel (55) 90-96
Ten samples of mineral-matter residue were obtained by the radio-frequency low-temperature ashing of subbituminous and bituminous coals. The low-temperature ash samples were then heated progressively from 400 °C to 1400 °C at 100 °C intervals. Mineral phases present at each temperature interval were determined by X-ray diffraction analyses. The minerals...
Radar characteristics of Viking 1 landing sites
G.L. Tyler, D.B. Campbell, G.S. Downs, R.R. Green, H. J. Moore
1976, Science (193) 812-815
Radar observations of Mars at centimeter wavelengths in May, June, and July 1976 provided estimates of surface roughness and reflectivity in three potential landing areas for Viking 1. Surface roughness is characterized by the distribution of surface landing slopes or tilts on lateral scales of the order of 1 to...
Alternate drop pulse polarography
J. H. Christie, Larry L. Jackson, R. A. Osteryoung
1976, Analytical Chemistry (48) 242-247
The new technique of alternate drop pulse polarography is presented. An experimental evaluation of alternate drop pulse polarography shows complete compensation of the capacitative background due to drop expansion. The capillary response phenomenon was studied in the absence of faradaic reaction and the capillary response current was found to depend...
U-Th-Pb and Rb-Sr systematics of Allende and U-Th-Pb systematics of Orgueil
M. Tatsumoto, D.M. Unruh, G. A. Desborough
1976, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (40) 617-634
U-Th-Pb systematics study of Allende inclusions showed that U, Th and Sr concentrations in Ca, Al (pyroxene)-rich chondrules and white and pinkish-white aggregate separates of Allende are five to ten times higher than those of the matrix, whereas Mg (olivine)-rich chondrules have U and Th concentrations about twice as high...
Extended cabfac and Qmodel computer programs for Q-mode factor analysis of compositional data
J.E. Klovan, A.T. Miesch
1976, Computers & Geosciences (1) 161-178
The computer program CABFAC for Q-mode factor analysis of geologic data has been extended for use with data having constant row-sums. Another program, QMODEL, reads an output file from CABFAC and can be used to develop a variety of Q-mode models. The models serve to reproduce estimates of the original...
The Anderson Reservoir seismic gap - Induced aseismicity?
C. G. Bufe
1976, Engineering Geology (10) 255-262
A persistent 10-km seismicity gap along the Calaveras fault appears to be related to the presence of the Leroy Anderson Reservoir in the Calaveras-Silver Creek fault zones southeast of San Jose, California. A magnitude-4.7 earthquake occurred at a depth of 5 km in the centre of the gap on October...
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen isotope studies of the regional metamorphic complex at Naxos, Greece
R. O. Rye, R.D. Schuiling, D.M. Rye, J.B.H. Jansen
1976, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (40) 1031-1049
At Naxos, Greece, a migmatite dome is surrounded by schists and marbles of decreasing metamorphic grade. Sillimanite, kyanite, biotite, chlorite, and glaucophane zones are recognized at successively greater distances from the migmatite dome. Quartz-muscovite and quartz-biotite oxygen isotope and mineralogie temperatures range from 350 to 700°C.The metamorphic complex can be...
Rapid determination of nanogram amounts of tellurium in silicate rocks
L. P. Greenland, E.Y. Campbell
1976, Analytica Chimica Acta (87) 323-328
A hydride-generation flameless atomic-absorption technique is used to determine as little as 5 ng g-1 tellurium in 0.25 g of silicate rock. After acid decomposition of the sample, tellurium hydride is generated with sodium borohydride and the vapor passed directly to a resistance-heated quartz cell mounted in an atomic-absorption spectrophotometer. Analyses...
A method and fortran program for quantitative sampling in paleontology
J.C. Tipper
1976, Computers & Geosciences (1) 195-201
The Unit Sampling Method is a binomial sampling method applicable to the study of fauna preserved in rocks too well cemented to be disaggregated. Preliminary estimates of the probability of detecting each group in a single sampling unit can be converted to estimates of the group's volumetric abundance by means...
