Molecular carbon isotopic evidence for the origin of geothermal hydrocarbons
D.J. Des Marais, J.H. Donchin, N.L. Nehring, A.H. Truesdell
1981, Nature (292) 826-828
Previous interest in light hydrocarbons from geothermal systems has focused principally on the origin of the methane1 and the estimation of subsurface temperatures from the carbon isotopic content of coexisting methane and carbon dioxide1-3. Higher molecular weight hydrocarbons were first reported in gases from Yellowstone National Park4, and have since...
A review of regional mineral resource assessment methods
D.A. Singer, D.L. Mosier
1981, Economic Geology (76) 1006-1015
Over 100 papers on regional mineral resource assessment of nonfuels are classified according to method(s) used and form(s) of product in order to help identify possible methods for future assessments. Types of products that have been used include: tons of metal; tons of rock and associated grade; gross value; potential;...
Dairy-processing wastes as a replacement protein source in diets of rainbow trout
G. L. Rumsey, M. Cacace, R. R. Zall, D. J. Lisk
1981, Progressive Fish-Culturist (43) 86-88
Dairy‐processing wastes, not previously used in domestic animal and fish feeds, were evaluated as a replacement protein source in the diet of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Dairy residue replaced 10% dried whey without reducing growth or feed efficiency, and feed costs were reduced. Growth and feeding efficiency were somewhat reduced...
Rates of manganese oxidation in aqueous systems
J.D. Hem
1981, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (45) 1369-1374
The rate of crystal growth of Mn3O4 (hausmannite) and βMnOOH (feitknechtite) in aerated aqueous manganous perchlorate systems, near 0.01 M in total manganese, was determined at pH levels ranging from 7.00 to 9.00 and at temperatures from 0.5 to 37.4°C. The process is autocatalytic, but becomes psuedo first-order in dissolved Mn2+ activity...
Comparison of automated segmented-flow and discrete analyzers for the determination of nutrients in water
V.C. Marti, D.R. Hale
1981, Environmental Science & Technology (15) 711-713
Water samples with specific conductances ranging from 66 to 6950 ??mho/cm at 25 ??C were analyzed for ammonia-N (NH3-N), nitrate plus nitrite-N (NO3 + NO2-N), nitrite-N (NO2-N), and phosphate-P (PO4-P) by using both a "segmented-flow" analyzer and a "discrete" analyzer. Plots of the discrete vs. the segmented-flow results showed linear...
Sudden death at the end of the Mesozoic
C. Emiliani, E.B. Kraus, E.M. Shoemaker
1981, Earth and Planetary Science Letters (55) 317-334
A paleoecological analysis of the fossil record before and after the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary indicates that the widespread extinctions and biological stresses around the boundary are best explained in terms of a sudden, significant, but short temperature rise. L. Alvarez and co-authors, having...
Estimation of surface temperature variations due to changes in sky and solar flux with elevation
S. Hummer-Miller
1981, Geophysical Research Letters (8) 595-598
Sky and solar radiance are of major importance in determining the ground temperature. Knowledge of their behavior is a fundamental part of surface temperature models. These two fluxes vary with elevation and this variation produces temperature changes. Therefore, when using thermal-property differences to discriminate geologic materials,...
Chemical composition, stratigraphy, and depositional environments of the Black River Group (Middle Ordovician), southwestern Ohio.
David A. Stith
1981, Geological Society of America Bulletin (92) 629-633
The chemical composition and stratigraphy of the Black River Group in southwestern Ohio were studied. Chemical analyses were done on two cores of the Black River from Adams and Brown Counties, Ohio. These studies show that substantial reserves of high-carbonate rock are present in the Black River at depths of...
Oxygen isotope thermometry of basic lavas and mantle nodules
T.K. Kyser, J. R. O’Neil, I. S. E. Carmichael
1981, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology (77) 11-23
Measurements have been made of the oxygen isotope and chemical composition of glass and phenocrysts in lavas and coexisting minerals in mantle nodules. Temperatures of formation of these assemblages have been estimated from various chemical thermometers and range from 855?? to 1,300?? C. The permil fractionations between coexisting orthopyroxene and...
Coincident sediment slump/clathrate complexes on the U.S. Atlantic continental slope
G. Carpenter
1981, Geo-Marine Letters (1) 29-32
High-resolution seismic reflection data recorded on the continental slope off the east coast of the United States have revealed instances of sediment mass movement (slumps) which appear to occur above clathrate accumulations. The slumping is believed to be related to the liberation of free gas by clathrate decomposition and consequent...
Hydromythology and ethnohydrology in the New World
William Back
1981, Water Resources Research (17) 257-287
From mythology, archeology, and chronicles of early explorers we can learn how early Americans viewed the cause and effect relations of hydrologic phenomena. Hopes and fears are the basis of religion, and it was through religion that water management was first practiced. Early people used their water resources to develop...
On the use of the nephelometer in estuarine waters
A. Eaton, V. Grant, O. Bricker, D. Wells
1981, Estuaries (4) 379-384
A study of the problems encountered in nephelometric determinations of suspended sediment loads in the Chesapeake Bay estuary has led to development of a technique which uses nephelometer readings as a guide for sampling at vertical profiles in an estuary. This permits optimum sampling for concentration profiles and allows one...
Geodetic strain measurements in Washington
J.C. Savage, M. Lisowski, W.H. Prescott
1981, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (86) 4929-4940
Two new geodetic measurements of strain accumulation in the state of Washington for the interval 1972–1979 are reported. Near Seattle the average principal strain rates are 0.07 ± 0.03 μstrain/yr N 19°W and −0.13 ± 0.02 μstrain/yr N71°E, and near Richland (south central Washington) the average principal strain rates are...
Geology of central Lake Michigan
R. J. Wood, R. A. Paull, C. A. Wolosin, R. J. Friedel
1981, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin (65) 1621-1632
The geology beneath Lake Michigan between 43°00' and 44°00' N and between 86°30' and 87°40' W is interpreted from a synthesis of 1,700 km of continuous seismic reflection profile data, bathymetry, grab samples, and onshore surface and subsurface information.The continuous seismic reflection profiles and bathymetry provided information for maps of...
Mt. St. Helens: evidence of increased magmatic gas component
R.E. Stoiber, S.N. Williams, L.L. Malinconico Jr., D. A. Johnston, T. J. Casadevall
1981, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (11) 203-212
This paper presents measurements of SO2 flux and ash leachate chemistry from Mt. St. Helens volcano during the period May 18 to July 22 which are in contrast to similar data from before May 18. Comparison of post-18 May SO2 data with similar data from other volcanoes leads to the...
A distribution-free alternative to least-squares regression and its application to Rb/Sr isochron calculations
R.G. Vugrinovich
1981, Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology (13) 443-454
A distribution-free estimator of the slope of a regression line is introduced. This estimator is designated Sm and is given by the median of the set of n(n - 1)/2 slope estimators, which may be calculated by inserting pairs of points (Xi, Yi)and (Xj, Yj)into the slope formula Si =...
The origin and isotopic composition of dissolved sulfide in groundwater from carbonate aquifers in Florida and Texas
R. O. Rye, W. Back, B.B. Hanshaw, C.T. Rightmire, F. J. Pearson Jr.
1981, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (45) 1941-1950
The δ34S values of dissolved sulfide and the sulfur isotope fractionations between dissolved sulfide and sulfate species in Floridan ground water generally correlate with dissolved sulfate concentrations which are related to flow patterns and residence time within the aquifer. The dissolved sulfide derives from the slow in situ biogenic reduction of sulfate dissolved from...
Laser fluorometric analysis of plants for uranium exploration
T. F. Harms, F. N. Ward, J. A. Erdman
1981, Journal of Geochemical Exploration (15) 617-623
A preliminary test of biogeochemical exploration for locating uranium occurrences in the Marfa Basin, Texas, was conducted in 1978. Only 6 of 74 plant samples (mostly catclaw mimosa, Mimosa biuncifera) contained uranium in amounts above the detection limit (0.4 ppm in the ash) of the conventional fluorometric method. The samples were...
The glass transition in basalt
M.P. Ryan, C.G. Sammis
1981, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (86) 9519-9535
The glass transition has been experimentally detected in basalt as (1) an increase in the aggregate linear thermal expansion coefficient αL, (2) an abrupt change in the temperature dependence of Young's modulus dE/dT, and (3) a change in stress relaxation behavior that effectively separates the T> TG and T < TG creep regimes. Transition temperatures determined by the...
The P-wave velocity of the uppermost mantle of the Rio Grande rift region of north central New Mexico
J.N. Murdock, L.H. Jaksha
1981, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (86) 7055-7063
A network of seismograph stations has operated in north-central New Mexico since 1975. The network is approximately 200 by 300 km in size and encompasses the Rio Grande rift there. Several seismic refraction experiments have been reported in the literature for the region of the network and adjacent areas. Because...
Lithostratigraphy of Shell 272-1 and 273-1 Wells: Implications as to depositional history of the Baltimore Canyon Trough, Mid- Atlantic OCS
J. Libby-French
1981, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin (65) 1476-1484
Upper Jurassic gray and red-brown shale, sandstone, and coal are the oldest strata penetrated by the Shell 272-1 and 273-1 wells, located approximately 66 mi (106 km) southeast of Atlantic City, New Jersey, in the northwest part of the Baltimore Canyon Trough. The Lower Cretaceous section consists of gray shale...
Lithology, reservoir properties, and burial history of portion of Gammon Shale (Cretaceous), southwestern North Dakota
D. L. Gautier
1981, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin (65) 1146-1159
In the northern Great Plains, large quantities of biogenic methane are contained at shallow depths in Cretaceous marine mudstones. The Gammon Shale and equivalents of the Milk River Formation in Canada, which comprise most sediments deposited offshore during the Eagle-Telegraph Creek regression, are typical of such gas-bearing rocks. At Little...
An examination of techniques for reformatting digital cartographic data/part 1: The raster-to- vector process.
Donna J. Peuquet
1981, Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization (18) 34-48
Current graphic devices suitable for high-speed computer input and output of cartographic data are tending more and more to be raster-oriented, such as the rotating drum scanner and the color raster display. However, the majority of commonly used manipulative techniques in computer-assisted cartography and automated spatial data handling continue to...
Northwest margin of California continental borderland: Marine geology and tectonic evolution
J.K. Crouch
1981, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin (65) 191-218
The northwest margin of the California continental borderland consists mainly of two northwest-trending pre-Neogene lithologic belts blanketed by Miocene and younger strata. These belts, which are lithologically and structurally correlated with the Franciscan Complex and Great Valley sequence of northern California, are interpreted to represent facies corresponding to the subduction...
Depositional sequences in clastic continental slope deposits, Gulf of Mexico
A.H. Bouma
1981, Geo-Marine Letters (1) 115-121
Tertiary and Quaternary sediments, overlying diapiric older Tertiary shales and Louann Salt on the continental slope in the western Gulf of Mexico, show cyclicity based on seismic-reflection patterns. A set of indistinct parallel reflections or an acoustically semi-transparent zone, normally onlapping onto diapir flanks, alternates with a set of distinct...
