Space, time, and the third dimension (model error)
Marshall E. Moss
1979, Water Resources Research (15) 1797-1800
The space-time tradeoff of hydrologic data collection (the ability to substitute spatial coverage for temporal extension of records or vice versa) is controlled jointly by the statistical properties of the phenomena that are being measured and by the model that is used to meld the information sources. The control exerted...
Modification of a commercial micrometer hanging mercury drop electrode
J. E. Bonelli, H. E. Taylor, R. K Skogerboe
1979, Analytical Chemistry (51) 2412-2413
U.S. Geological Survey...
Diagenetic changes in the elemental composition of unrecrystallized mollusk shells
P.C. Ragland, O. H. Pilkey, B. W. Blackwelder
1979, Chemical Geology (25) 123-134
The Mg, Sr, Mn, Fe, Na and K contents were determined for 230 apparently unrecrystallized mollusk shells (gastropods and bivalves) ranging in age from late Cretaceous to Holocene. Consistent differences between the Holocene and fossil shells with respect to concentrations of all these elements are attributed to postburial diagenetic changes....
Photogrammetric portrayal of Mars topography
Sherman S.C. Wu
1979, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (84) 7955-7960
Special photogrammetric techniques have been developed to portray Mars topography, using Mariner and Viking imaging and nonimaging topographic information and earth-based radar data. Topography is represented by the compilation of maps at three scales: global, intermediate, and very large scale. The global map is a synthesis of topographic information obtained...
Basic magnetic properties of bituminous coal
C.C. Alexander, A. N. Thorpe, F. E. Senftle
1979, Fuel (58) 857-863
Magnetic susceptibility and other static magnetic parameters have been measured on a number of bituminous coals from various locations in the United States. The paramagnetic Curie constant correlates negatively with carbon concentration on a moisture-free basis. The major contribution to the total paramagnetism comes from the mineral matter rather than...
A large submarine sand-rubble flow on kilauea volcano, hawaii
D.J. Fornari, J.G. Moore, L. Calk
1979, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (5) 239-256
Papa'u seamount on the south submarine slope of Kilauea volcano is a large landslide about 19 km long, 6 km wide, and up to 1 km thick with a volume of about 39 km3. Dredge hauls, remote camera photographs, and submersible observations indicate that it is composed primarily of unconsolidated...
Uranium mobility during interaction of rhyolitic obsidian, perlite and felsite with alkaline carbonate solution: T = 120° C, P = 210 kg/cm2
Robert A. Zielinski
1979, Chemical Geology (27) 47-63
Well-characterized samples of rhyolitic obsidian, perlite and felsite from a single lava flow are leached of U by alkaline oxidizing solutions under open-system conditions. Pressure, temperature, flow rate and solution composition are held constant in order to evaluate the relative importance of differences in surface area and crystallinity. Under the...
Major geochemical processes in the evolution of carbonate-Aquifer systems
B.B. Hanshaw, W. Back
1979, Journal of Hydrology (43) 287-312
As a result of recent advances by carbonate petrologists and geochemists, hydrologists are provided with new insights into the origin and explanation of many aquifer characteristics and hydrologic phenomena. Some major advances include the recognition that: (1) most carbonate sediments are of biological origin; (2) they have a strong bimodal...
Lunar magnetic anomalies detected by the Apollo substatellite magnetometers
L. L. Hood, P.J. Coleman Jr., C.T. Russell, D.E. Wilhelms
1979, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors (20) 291-311
Properties of lunar crustal magnetization thus far deduced from Apollo subsatellite magnetometer data are reviewed using two of the most accurate presently available magnetic anomaly maps - one covering a portion of the lunar near side and the other a part of the far side. The largest single anomaly found...
Rare earth abundances and Rb-Sr systematics of basalts, gabbro, anorthosite and minor granitic rocks from the Indian Ocean Ridge System, Western Indian Ocean
C. E. Hedge, K. Futa, C.G. Engel, R.L. Fisher
1979, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology (68) 373-376
Basalts dredged from the Mid-Indian Ocean Ridge System have rare earth, Rb, and Sr concentrations like those from other mid-ocean ridges, but have slightly higher Sr87/Sr86 ratios. Underlying gabbroic complexes are similar to the basalts in Sr87/Sr86, but are poorer K, Rb, and in rare earths. The chemical and isotopic...
An algol program for dissimilarity analysis: a divisive-omnithetic clustering technique
J.C. Tipper
1979, Computers & Geosciences (5) 1-13
Clustering techniques are used properly to generate hypotheses about patterns in data. Of the hierarchical techniques, those which are divisive and omnithetic possess many theoretically optimal properties. One such method, dissimilarity analysis, is implemented here in ALGOL 60, and determined to be competitive computationally with most other methods. ?? 1979....
Low-velocity impact craters in ice and ice-saturated sand with implications for Martian crater count ages
S.K. Croft, S. W. Kieffer, T.J. Ahrens
1979, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (84) 8023-8032
We produced a series of decimeter-sized impact craters in blocks of ice near 0°C and −70°C and in ice-saturated sand near −70°C as a preliminary investigation of cratering in materials analogous to those found on Mars and the outer solar system satellites. The projectiles used were standard 0.22 and 0.30...
Removal of contaminants from landfill leachates by filtration through glauconitic greensands
N. Spoljaric, W.A. Crawford
1979, Environmental Geology (2) 359-363
Passing landfill leachate through glauconitic greensand filters reduces the heavy metal cation content, lessens the unpleasant odor, and diminishes the murkiness of the leachate. The capability of the greensand to trap metal cations is increased by prolonging the contact time between the leachate and the greensand. Flushing the charged greensand...
Geochemical evidence of drawdown in the Cerro Prieto geothermal field
A.H. Truesdell, M.A. Manon, S.M.E. Jimenez, A.A. Sanchez, L.J.J. Fausto
1979, Geothermics (8) 257-265
Some wells of the Cerro Prieto geothermal field have undergone changes in the chemistry of fluids produced which reflect reservoir processes. Pressure decreases due to production in the southeastern part of the field have produced both drawdown of lower chloride fluids from an overlying aquifer and boiling in the aquifer...
Submarine thermal springs on the Galapagos Rift
J.B. Corliss, J. Dymond, L.I. Gordon, J.M. Edmond, R. P. Von Herzen, Richard D. Ballard, K. Green, D. Williams, A. Bainbridge, K. Crane, T. H. Van Andel
1979, Science (203) 1073-1083
The submarine hydrothermal activity on and near the Galápagos Rift has been explored with the aid of the deep submersible Alvin. Analyses of water samples from hydrothermal vents reveal that hydrothermal activity provides significant or dominant sources and sinks for several components of seawater; studies of conductive and convective heat transfer...
Recent crustal movements in the Sierra Nevada-Walker lane region of California-Nevada: Part i, rate and style of deformation
D.B. Slemmons, D.V. Wormer, E.J. Bell, M.L. Silberman
1979, Tectonophysics (52) 561-570
This review of geological, seismological, geochronological and paleobotanical data is made to compare historic and geologic rates and styles of deformation of the Sierra Nevada and western Basin and Range Provinces. The main uplift of this region began about 17 m.y. ago, with slow uplift of the central Sierra Nevada...
Modeling and optimizing a gas-water reservoir: Enhanced recovery with waterflooding
M.E. Johnson, E.A. Monash, M.S. Waterman
1979, Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology (11) 63-74
Accepted practice dictates that waterflooding of gas reservoirs should commence, if ever, only when the reservoir pressure has declined to the minimum production pressure. Analytical proof of this hypothesis has yet to appear in the literature however. This paper considers a model for a gas-water reservoir with a variable production...
Geochemical and hydrologic considerations and the use of enthalpy-chloride diagrams in the prediction of underground conditions in hot-spring systems
R.O. Fournier
1979, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research (5) 1-16
Thermal water ascending in a hot-spring system may cool by conduction of heat to the surrounding rock, by boiling, by mixing with cooler water, or by a combination of these processes. Complete or partial chemical reequilibration may occur as a result of this cooling. In spite of these complexities, in...
Temperature calibration of amino acid racemization: Age implications for the Yuha skeleton
J. L. Bischoff, W.M. Childers
1979, Earth and Planetary Science Letters (45) 172-180
D/L of aspartic acid ranged from 0.52 to 0.56 for femur samples of the Yuha skeleton. Subsurface temperature measurements made at the burial site indicate average annual temperature is 18°C and diagenetic temperature is 21.6°C. These data and a relation derived for...
Chemical composition of Mars
J. W. Morgan, E. Anders
1979, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (43) 1601-1610
The composition of Mars has been calculated from the cosmochemical model of Ganapathy and Anders (1974) which assumes that planets and chondrites underwent the same 4 fractionation processes in the solar nebula. Because elements of similar volatility stay together in these processes, only 4 index elements (U, Fe, K and Tl or...
Concentrations of metals in very small volumes of soil solution
T. Hinkley
1979, Nature (277) 444-446
A new method of sampling very small amounts of soil solution (0.3 g) shows that soil solutions contain high concentrations and unusual proportions of metals. In the soils studied, the solution is close in both metal proportions and total metal mass to what may be taken up annually by the...
U.S. Geological Survey core drilling on the Atlantic shelf
J.C. Hathaway, C. W. Poag, P. C. Valentine, R.E. Miller, D.M. Schultz, F.T. Manheim, F. A. Kohout, Michael H. Bothner, D.A. Sangrey
1979, Science (206) 515-527
The first broad program of scientific shallow drilling on the U.S. Atlantic continental shelf has delineated rocks of Pleistocene to Late Cretaceous age, including phosphoritic Miocene strata, widespread Eocene carbonate deposits that serve as reflective seismic markers, and several regional unconformities. Two sites, off Maryland and New Jersey, showed light...
Amino-acid racemizarion in Quaternary shell deposits at Willapa Bay, Washington
K.A. Kvenvolden, D.J. Blunt, H.E. Clifton
1979, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (43) 1505-1520
Extents of racemization (dl">dl ratios) of amino acids in fossil Saxidomus giganteus (Deshayes) and Ostrea lurida Carpenter were measured on shell deposits exposed at 21 sites on the east side of Willapa Bay, Washington. Amino acids from Saxidomus show less variability in <span...
International cooperation in water resources
J.R. Jones, R.M. Beall, E.V. Giusti
1979, GeoJournal (3) 481-487
Advancements in hydrology proceeded slowly until the late 1800's when new ventures created a surge of interest and accomplishment. Progress waned again until the middle 20th century when an International Hydrological Decade was conceived, eventually receiving wide multinational support from governmental agencies and nongovernmental institutions. Organized by UNESCO, the Decade...
Uranium transport in the Walker River Basin, California and Nevada
L. V. Benson, D. L. Leach
1979, Journal of Geochemical Exploration (11) 227-248
During the summer of 1976 waters from tributaries, rivers, springs and wells were sampled in the Walker River Basin. Snow and sediments from selected sites were also sampled. All samples were analyzed for uranium and other elements. The resulting data provide an understanding of the transport of uranium within...
