Geology and resource assessment of Costa Rica at 1:500,000 scale; a digital representation of maps of the U.S. Geological Survey's 1987 folio I-1865
Paul G. Schruben
1997, Data Series 19-R
This CD-ROM contains digital versions of the geology and resource assessment maps of Costa Rica originally published in USGS Folio I-1865 (U.S. Geological Survey, the Direccion General de Geologia, Minas e Hidrocarburos, and the Universidad de Costa Rica, 1987) at a scale of 1:500,000. The following layers are available on...
Activities Related to American Indians and Alaska Natives; Fiscal Year 1997
U.S. Geological Survey
1997, Report
IntroductionThis report primarily describes activities during Federal fiscal year (FY) 1997. During FY 1997, the USGS engaged in cooperative research projects, data collection, informal outreach, and work done under Memoranda of Understanding that related to American Indians or Alaska Natives. Some work was technical and/or research-oriented. Other work was educational....
Water-level changes in response to the 20 December 1994 earthquake near Parkfield, California
Eddie Quilty, Evelyn A. Roeloffs
1997, Bulletin of Seismological Society of America (87) 310-317
We analyze co-seismic changes of water level in nine wells near Parkfield, California, produced by an MD 4.7 earthquake on 20 December 1994 in order to test the hypothesis that co-seismic water-level changes are proportional to co-seismic volumetric strain. For each well, a quantitative relationship between water level and volumetric strain can...
A strategy for monitoring glaciers
Andrew G. Fountain, Robert M. Krimmel, Dennis C. Trabant
1997, Circular 1132
Glaciers are important features in the hydrologic cycle and affect the volume, variability, and water quality of runoff. Assessing and predicting the effect of glaciers on water resources require a monitoring program to provide basic data for this understanding. The monitoring program of the U.S. Geological Survey employs a nested...
Safety of formalin treatments on warm- and coolwater fish eggs
Jeff J. Rach, George E. Howe, Theresa M. Schreier
1997, Aquaculture (149) 183-191
Formalin is widely used for treating fungal infections of fish eggs in intensive aquaculture operations. The use of formalin in the United States is only allowed on salmonid and esocid eggs unless a special exemption is granted for use on other species. This study was conducted to determine the safety...
Application of the Modern Analog Technique (MAT) of sea surface temperature estimation to middle Pliocene North Pacific planktonic foraminifer assemblages
Harry J. Dowsett, Marci M. Robinson
1997, Palaeontologia Electronica 1-22
Seventy-two samples from Deep Sea Drilling Project Sites 445 and 463 and Ocean Drilling Program Site 769 from the northwest Pacific Ocean were compared to 499 modern core top Pacific Ocean samples using the squared chord distance dissimilarity measure. Many samples show high levels of dissimilarity that can be explained...
Early Silurian radiolaria from northern Nevada, USA
P.J. Noble, Keith B. Ketner, W. McClellan
1997, Marine Micropaleontology (30) 215-223
Radiolarians recovered from three sites in the early Llandoverian Cherry Spring chert, north-central Nevada, provide the first Early Silurian radiolarian data from the conterminous United States. Two assemblages were recovered that contain abundant pylomate sphaerellarians, rotasphaerids, inaniguttids, and possible palaeoactinosphaerids. The pylomate taxa have an intermediate spine morphology with Cessipylorum and Aciferopylorum, bringing...
Estimating temporary emigration using capture-recapture data with Pollock's robust design
W. L. Kendall, James D. Nichols, James E. Hines
1997, Ecology (78) 563-578
Statistical inference for capture–recapture studies of open animal populations typically relies on the assumption that all emigration from the studied population is permanent. However, there are many instances in which this assumption is unlikely to be met. We define two general models for the process of temporary emigration: completely random...
Evaluation of estimation methods for organic carbon normalized sorption coefficients
James R. Baker, James R. Mihelcic, Dean C. Luehrs, James P. Hickey
1997, Water Environment Research (69) 136-145
A critically evaluated set of 94 soil water partition coefficients normalized to soil organic carbon content (Koc) is presented for 11 classes of organic chemicals. This data set is used to develop and evaluate Koc estimation methods using three different descriptors. The three types of descriptors used in predicting Koc...
Classification of mineral deposits into types using mineralogy with a probabilistic neural network
Donald A. Singer, Ryoichi Kouda
1997, Nonrenewable Resources (6) 27-32
In order to determine whether it is desirable to quantify mineral-deposit models further, a test of the ability of a probabilistic neural network to classify deposits into types based on mineralogy was conducted. Presence or absence of ore and alteration mineralogy in well-typed deposits were used to train the network....
Fish assemblages and environmental correlates in least-disturbed streams of the upper Snake River basin
T.R. Maret, C.T. Robinson, G.W. Minshall
1997, Transactions of the American Fisheries Society (126) 200-216
Fish assemblages and environmental variables were evaluated from 37 least‐disturbed, 1st‐ through 6th‐order streams and springs in the upper Snake River basin, western USA. Data were collected as part of the efforts by the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment Program and the Idaho State University...
Perceptions of species abundance, distribution, and diversity: Lessons from four decades of sampling on a government-managed reserve
J. Whitfield Gibbons, Vincent J. Burke, Jefferey E. Lovich, Raymond D. Semlitsch, Tracey D. Tuberville, J. Russell Bodie, Judith L. Greene, Peter H. Niewiarowski, Howard H. Whiteman, David E. Scott, Joseph H. K. Pechmann, Christopher R. Harrison, Stephen H. Bennett, John D. Krenz, Mark S. Mills, Kurt A. Buhlmann, John R. Lee, Richard A. Seigel, Anton D. Tucker, Tony M. Mills, Trip Lamb, Michael E. Dorcas, Justin D. Congdon, Michael H. Smith, David H. Nelson, M. Barbara Dietsch, Hugh G. Hanlin, Jeannine A. Ott, Deno J. Karapatakis
1997, Environmental Management (21) 259-268
We examined data relative to species abundance, distribution, and diversity patterns of reptiles and amphibians to determine how perceptions change over time and with level of sampling effort. Location data were compiled on more than one million individual captures or observations of 98 species during a 44-year study period on...
The imager for Mars Pathfinder experiment
P. H. Smith, M.G. Tomasko, D. Britt, D.G. Crowe, R. Reid, H.U. Keller, N. Thomas, F. Gliem, P. Rueffer, R. Sullivan, R. Greeley, J. M. Knudsen, M.B. Madsen, H.P. Gunnlaugsson, S.F. Hviid, W. Goetz, Laurence A. Soderblom, L. Gaddis, Randolph L. Kirk
1997, Journal of Geophysical Research E: Planets (102) 4003-4025
The imager for Mars Pathfinder (IMP), a stereoscopic, multispectral camera, is described in terms of its capabilities for studying the Martian environment. The camera's two eyes, separated by 15.0 cm, provide the camera with range‐finding ability. Each eye illuminates half of a single CCD detector with a field of view...
Land cover characterization and land surface parameterization research
Louis T. Steyaert, Thomas R. Loveland, William J. Parton
1997, Ecological Applications (7) 1-2
The understanding of land surface processes and their parameterization in atmospheric, hydrologic, and ecosystem models has been a dominant research theme over the past decade. For example, many studies have demonstrated the key role of land cover characteristics as controlling factors in determining land surface processes, such as the exchange...
Evaluation of agricultural best-management practices in the Conestoga River headwaters, Pennsylvania: Hydrology of a small carbonate site near Ephrata, Pennsylvania, prior to implementation of nutrient management
E. H. Koerkle, D. W. Hall, D. W. Risser, P. L. Lietman, D. C. Chichester
1997, Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4173
The U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, investigated the effects of agricultural best-management practices on water quality in the Conestoga River headwaters watershed. This report describes environmental factors and the surface-water and ground-water quality of one 47.5-acre field site,...
Sulfur isotope analyses using the laser microprobe
W.C. Pat Shanks III, D.E. Crowe, Craig A. Johnson
1997, Book chapter, Applications of microanalytical techniques to understanding mineralizing processes
Since the first studies of sulfur isotope variations in natural materials (Thode, 1949), it has been apparent that there are large and dramatic variations of 34S/32S ratios and that sulfur isotope studies are a powerful tool for interpreting the origins of sulfur-bearing minerals. However, sulfur is such a common element in...
Design and implementation of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program: a United States example: understanding the limitations of using compliance-monitoring data to assess the water quality of a large river basin
David J. Wangsness
1997, Book chapter, Protecting Danube River Basin resources: ensuring access to water quality data and information
In the 1980s it was determined that existing ambient and compliance-monitoring data could not satisfactorily evaluate the results of hundreds of billions of dollars spent for water-pollution abatement in the United States. At the request of the US Congress, a new programme, the National Water-Quality Assessment, was designed and implemented...
Natural disasters: forecasting economic and life losses
Stuart P. Nishenko, Christopher C. Barton
1997, Report
Events such as hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, and tornadoes are natural disasters because they negatively impact society, and so they must be measured and understood in human-related terms. At the U.S. Geological Survey, we have developed a new method to examine fatality and dollar-loss data, and to make...
Synthesis of the paleoclimatic record from Owens Lake core OL-92
George I. Smith, James L. Bischoff, J. Platt Bradbury
1997, Book chapter, An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California
During much of the late Quaternary, Owens Lake overflowed into one or more of four successively lower-elevation basins. Most of the water came from the high, eastern slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada, and changes in the volumes of that water reflect a dominant climatic cycle of ~100 k.y. Variations...
Some comparisons between recent ground-motion relations
Gail M. Atkinson, David Boore
1997, Seismological Research Letters (68) 24-40
We provide an overview of new ground-motion relations for eastern North America (ENA) developed over the last five years. The empirical-stochastic relations of Atkinson and Boore (1995) are compared to relations developed by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI, 1993; also Toro et al., 1994), Frankel et al. (1996), and the consensus ENA...
Paleobiotic and isotopic analysis of mollusks, fish and plants from core OL-92: Indicators for an open or closed lake system
James R. Firby, Saxon E. Sharpe, Joseph F. Whelan, Gerald R. Smith, W. Geoffrey Spaulding
George I. Smith, James L. Bischoff, editor(s)
1997, Book chapter, An 800,000-year paleoclimatic record from core OL-92, Owens Lake, Southeast California
Intervals of open versus closed lake systems for Pleistocene Owens Lake in California are suggested by a comparison of paleobiotic and isotopic evidence recovered from core samples of OL-92. Mollusks and fish were identified from 67 core samples, and their ecological requirements were noted. Carbon dioxide extractions for stable isotopes...
Geochemical modeling of water-rock interactions in mining environments
Charles N. Alpers, D. Kirk Nordstrom
Geoffrey S. Plumlee, M.J. Logsdon, L.F. Filipek, editor(s)
1997, Book chapter, The environmental geochemistry of mineral deposits: Part A: Processes, techniques, and health issues part B: Case studies and research topics
Geochemical modeling is a powerful tool for evaluating geochemical processes in mining environments. Properly constrained and judiciously applied, modeling can provide valuable insights into processes controlling the release, transport, and fate of contaminants in mine drainage. This chapter contains 1) an overview of geochemical modeling, 2) discussion of the types...
New composite spectra of Mars, 0.4-5.7 μm
Stephane Erard, Wendy M. Calvin
1997, Icarus (130) 449-460
About 15 areas were observed in the equatorial regions of Mars by the infrared spectrometers IRS (Mariner 6 and 7) and ISM (Phobos-2). The comparison between the spectra shows a remarkable consistency between two data sets acquired 20 years apart and calibrated independently. This similarity demonstrates the accuracy of ISM...
The rupture process of the Manjil, Iran earthquake of 20 June 1990 and implications for intraplate strike-slip earthquakes
G. L. Choy, J. Zednik
1997, Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica (41) 45-63
In terms of seismically radiated energy or moment release, the earthquake of 20 January 1990 in the Manjil Basin-Alborz Mountain region of Iran is the second largest strike-slip earthquake to have occurred in an intracontinental setting in the past decade. It caused enormous loss of life and the virtual destruction...
Stochastic point-source modeling of ground motions in the Cascadia region
G. M. Atkinson, David M. Boore
1997, Seismological Research Letters (68) 74-85
A stochastic model is used to develop preliminary ground motion relations for the Cascadia region for rock sites. The model parameters are derived from empirical analyses of seismographic data from the Cascadia region. The model is based on a Brune point-source characterized by a stress parameter of 50 bars. The...
