Measurement of irrigated acreage in Western Kansas from LANDSAT images
K.M. Keene, C.D. Conley
1980, Environmental Geology (3) 107-116
In the past four decades, irrigated acreage in western Kansas has increased rapidly. Optimum utilization of vital groundwater supplies requires implementation of long-term water-management programs. One important variable in such programs is up-to-date information on acreage under irrigation. Conventional ground survey methods of estimating irrigated acreage are too slow to...
Morphology of Lonar Crater, India: Comparisons and implications
R.F. Fudali, D.J. Milton, K. Fredriksson, A. Dube
1980, The Moon and the Planets (23) 493-515
Lonar Crater is a young meteorite impact crater emplaced in Deccan basalt. Data from 5 drillholes, a gravity network, and field mapping are used to reconstruct its original dimensions, delineate the nature of the pre-impact target rocks, and interpret the emplacement mode of the ejecta. Our estimates of the pre-erosion...
Ocean eddy structure by satellite radar altimetry required for iceberg towing
W. J. Campbell, R. E. Cheney, J. G. Marsh, N. M. Mognard
1980, Cold Regions Science and Technology (1) 211-221
Models for the towing of large tabular icebergs give towing speeds of 0.5 knots to 1.0 knots relative to the ambient near surface current. Recent oceanographic research indicates that the world oceans are not principally composed of large steady-state current systems, like the Gulf Stream, but that most of the...
A model to forecast short-term snowmelt runoff using synoptic observations of streamflow, temperature, and precipitation
Wendell V. Tangborn
1980, Water Resources Research (16) 778-786
Snowmelt runoff is forecast with a statistical model that utilizes daily values of stream discharge, gaged precipitation, and maximum and minimum observations of air temperature. Synoptic observations of these variables are made at existing low- and medium-altitude weather stations, thus eliminating the difficulties and expense of new, high-altitude installations. Four...
Geophysical investigations in deep horizontal holes drilled ahead of tunnelling
R. D. Carroll, M.J. Cunningham
1980, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts (17) 89-107
Deep horizontal drill holes have been used since 1967 by the Defense Nuclear Agency as a primary exploration tool for siting nuclear events in tunnels at the Nevada Test Site. The U.S. Geological Survey had developed geophysical logging techniques for obtaining resistivity and velocity in these holes, and to date...
Geochemical evolution of brines in the Salar of Uyuni, Bolivia.
S.L. Rettig, B.F. Jones, F. Risacher
1980, Chemical Geology (30) 57-79
Recent analyses of brines from the Salars of Uyuni and Coipasa have been compared with published data for Lakes Titicaca and Poopo to evaluate solute compositional trends in these remnants of two large Pleistocene lakes once connected by overflow from the N to the S of the Bolivian Altiplano. From...
Geodetic measurement of horizontal deformation across the Rio Grande rift near Socorro, New Mexico
J.C. Savage, M. Lisowski, W.H. Prescott, A.R. Sanford
1980, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (85) 7215-7220
Trilateration surveys of a geodetic network across the Rio Grande rift near Socorro, New Mexico, in 1972, 1973, 1976, and 1979 have failed to detect any significant strain accumulation. The surveys place an upper bound (95% confidence limit) of 1 mm/a (a = years) on east-west spreading cross the rift...
Applications of statistics to thematic mapping.
G.H. Rosenfield, M.L. Melley
1980, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (46) 1287-1294
Two statistical problems occurring in the effort to analyze thematic maps and mapping are determining the accuracy of thematic content and comparing factors studied in thematic mapping. Statistical procedures applicable to thematic mapping involve sampling, determining accuracy, and comparing factors. A sampling procedure using an unaligned pattern within a square...
Results and assessment of uranium series dating of vertebrate fossils from Quaternary alluvium in Colorado
Barney J. Szabo
1980, Arctic and Alpine Research (11) 95-100
An average uranium-series age of 102,000 ± 14,000 yr for bones from Louviers Alluvium, near Denver, Colorado, is compatible with the inferred geologic age of from 120,000 to 150,000 yr. A uranium-series date of about 190,000 yr for a bone from Slocum Alluvium, near Canon City, Colorado, is consistent with...
Geothermal system at 21°N, East Pacific Rise: physical limits on geothermal fluid and role of adiabatic expansion
J. L. Bischoff
1980, Science (207) 1465-1469
Pressure-volume-temperature relations for water at the depth of the magma chamber at 21°N on the East Pacific Rise suggest that the maximum subsurface temperature of the geothermal fluid is about 420°C. Both the chemistry of the discharging fluid and thermal balance considerations indicate that the effective water/rock ratios in the...
Organic content of Devonian shale in western Appalachian basin
James W. Schmoker
1980, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin (64) 2156-2165
In the organic-rich facies of the Devonian shale in the western part of the Appalachian basin, the distribution of organic matter provides an indirect measure of both gas in place and the capacity of the shale to supply gas to permeable pathways.The boundary between organic-rich ('black') and organic-poor ('gray') facies...
Flameless atomic-absorption determination of gold in geological materials
A. L. Meier
1980, Journal of Geochemical Exploration (13) 77-85
Gold in geologic material is dissolved using a solution of hydrobromic acid and bromine, extracted with methyl isobutyl ketone, and determined using an atomic-absorption spectrophotometer equipped with a graphite furnace atomizer. A comparison of results obtained by this flameless atomic-absorption method on U.S. Geological Survey reference rocks and geochemical samples...
Debris-flow deposits of Early Miocene age, Deadman Stream, Marlborough, New Zealand.
D.W. Lewis, M.G. Laird, R.D. Powell
1980, Sedimentary Geology (27) 83-118
Detailed analysis is presented of a conformable succession of conglomerates and sandstones lying between massive marine mudstones. The coarse sediments reflect deposition by a spectrum of subaqueous debris-flow mechanisms during an early pulse of tectonism that ultimately resulted in Plio-Pleistocene eversion of the Kaikoura Mountains. Sparse pebbly mudstones and rare...
Computational methods for a three-dimensional model of the petroleum-discovery process
J.H. Schuenemeyer, W.J. Bawiec, L.J. Drew
1980, Computers & Geosciences (6) 323-360
A discovery-process model devised by Drew, Schuenemeyer, and Root can be used to predict the amount of petroleum to be discovered in a basin from some future level of exploratory effort: the predictions are based on historical drilling and discovery data. Because marginal costs of discovery and production are a...
Multiple ice flow directions during the Fraser Glaciation in the lower Skagit River drainage, northern Cascade Range, Washington
Paul L. Heller
1980, Arctic and Alpine Research (12) 299-308
Stratigraphic mapping and pebble-count data suggest that ice flowed in three different directions in the lower Skagit drainage of the northern Cascade Range during the Fraser Glaciation (∼ 10K to 20K BP). Glacier reconstructions suggest that till exposed at one site in the lower Skagit Valley was deposited by a...
An econometric model of the U.S. secondary copper industry: Recycling versus disposal
M.E. Slade
1980, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management (7) 123-141
In this paper, a theoretical model of secondary recovery is developed that integrates microeconomic theories of production and cost with a dynamic model of scrap generation and accumulation. The model equations are estimated for the U.S. secondary copper industry and used to assess the impacts that various policies and future...
Water resources of the People's Republic of China
N.C. Matalas, C.F. Nordin Jr.
1980, Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union (61) 891-901
At the invitation of the Society of Hydraulic Engineers of the People's Republic of China (PRC), a delegation of U.S. hydrologists and hydraulic engineers visited the PRC in the fall of 1978.* From discussions with officials of both the Society and the Ministry of Water Conservancy and Power (MWCP), and...
Some factors controlling the concentration of uranium in the world ocean
S. Bloch
1980, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (44) 373-377
Low-temperature alteration of the oceanic crust is a major sink for the U supplied to the oceans and may account for about 50% of the estimated present-day input of this element. Uranium uptake by organic-rich sediments and coexisting phosphorites on continental margins is also important and may remove in excess...
Resource estimation from historical data: Mercury, a test case
S.M. Cargill, D. H. Root, E. H. Bailey
1980, Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology (12) 489-522
A simple technique based on historical records of tonnage and grade of ore produced provides a means for calculating how much of a mineral product will be available in the future at various average grades. Estimates made on this basis are independent of geologic considerations or changing economic and political...
Arctic sea-ice variations from time-lapse passive microwave imagery
W. J. Campbell, R.O. Ramseier, H.J. Zwally, P. Gloersen
1980, Boundary-Layer Meteorology (18) 99-106
This paper presents: (1) a short historical review of the passive microwave research on sea ice which established the observational and theoretical base permitting the interpretation of the first passive microwave images of Earth obtained by the Nimbus-5 ESMR; (2) the construction of a time-lapse motion picture film of a...
The provenance of rutile.
E. R. Force
1980, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology (50) 485-488
Most coarse detrital rutile is derived from high-grade metamorphic rocks. Contrary to a conventional assumption, independent rutile grains are particularly rare in igneous rocks except alkalic rocks. The use of rutile in the ZTR (zircon-tourmaline-rutile) index of mineralogic maturity is only partially valid,...
Extraction and concentration of phenolic compounds from water and sediment
Marvin C. Goldberg, Eugene R. Weiner
1980, Analytica Chimica Acta (115) 373-378
Continuous liquid-liquid extractors are used to concentrate phenols at the ??g l-1 level from water into dichloromethane; this is followed by Kuderna-Danish evaporative concentration and gas chromatography. The procedure requires 5 h for 18 l of sample water. Overall concentration factors around 1000 are obtained. Overall concentration efficiencies vary from...
Distribution of Quaternary rhyolite domes of the Coso Range, California: implications for extent of the geothermal anomaly.
C. R. Bacon, W. A. Duffield
1980, Journal of Geophysical Research (85) 2425-2433
38 separate domes and flows of phenocryst-poor, high-silica rhyolite of similar major element chemical composition were erupted over the past 1My from vents arranged in a crudely S-shaped array atop a granitic horst in the Coso Range, California. Most of the extrusions are probably less than about 0.3My old. The...
Calculation of uncertainties of U-Pb isotope data
K.R. Ludwig
1980, Earth and Planetary Science Letters (46) 212-220
Equations are derived for the estimation of errors and error correlations for various types of U-Pb isotope data, taking into account ion-beam instabilities, run-to-run variability in mass-discrimination, uncertainties in Pb and U concentrations, and uncertainties in initial-Pb and blank-Pb amount and isotopic composition. Equations are also given for the calculation...
Opaque minerals as aids in distinguishing between source and sorting effects on beach sand mineralogy in southwestern Oregon
G. Luepke
1980, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology (50) 489-496
Both source area and wave sorting affect the heavy-mineral distributions of beach sands. Although source and sorting effects are difficult to distinguish, they can be separated on four Oregon beaches by studying the magnetic fraction of the sand. Prominent headlands bound the four...
