Basic ground-water hydrology
Ralph C. Heath
2004, Water Supply Paper 2220
Ground water is one of the Nation's most valuable natural resources. It is the source of about 40 percent of the water used for all purposes exclusive of hydropower generation and electric powerplant cooling.Surprisingly, for a resource that is so widely used and so important to the health and to...
Use of stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur to identify sources of nitrogen in surface waters in the lower Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania
Charles A. Cravotta III,
2002, Water Supply Paper 2497
With the exception of sewage and septic effluents, most nitrogen sources and soils contain larger proportions of organic and reduced forms of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur than inorganic, oxidized forms. In contrast, most surface water and ground water contains larger proportions of dissolved inorganic carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur forms than...
Summary of significant floods in the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, 1970 through 1989
Charles A. Perry, Byron N. Aldridge, Heather C. Ross
2001, Water Supply Paper 2502
This volume is a compilation of significant floods that occurred throughout the United States, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands during 1970 through 1989. A summary of most devastating floods according to amount of damage and lives lost is provided for each year. State-by-state compilations include a description of the...
Validation of a numerical modeling method for simulating rainfall-runoff relations for headwater basins in western King and Snohomish Counties, Washington
Richard S. Dinicola
2001, Water Supply Paper 2495
The validity of a previously determined numerical modeling method was assessed. Numerical models for 11 drainage basins were constructed with the Hydrologic Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) with parameter values that were generalized for the physiographic region. Large and recurrent simulation errors were initially identified, but three systematic modifications of the models...
Sediment-quality assessment of Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake and the upstream reach of the Columbia River, Washington, 1992
Gilbert Carl Bortleson, S.E. Cox, M.D. Munn, R.J. Schumaker, E. K. Block
2001, Water Supply Paper 2496
Elevated concentrations of trace elements were found in bed sediment of Lake Roosevelt and the Columbia River, its principal source of inflow. Trace-element concentrations in whole water samples did not exceed criteria for freshwater organisms. Bed sediments of Lake Roosevelt were analyzed for organic compounds associated with wood-pulp waste. Dioxins...
Simulation and analysis of soil-water conditions in the Great Plains and adjacent areas, central United States, 1951-80
Jack T. Dugan, Ronald B. Zelt
2000, Water Supply Paper 2427
Ground-water recharge and consumptive-irrigation requirements in the Great Plains and adjacent areas largely depend upon an environment extrinsic to the ground-water system. This extrinsic environment, which includes climate, soils, and vegetation, determines the water demands of evapotranspiration, the availability of soil water to meet these demands, and the quantity of...
Sources and transport of phosphorus and nitrogen during low-flow conditions in the Tualatin River, Oregon, 1991-93
Valerie J. Kelly, Dennis D. Lynch, Stewart A. Rounds
1999, Water Supply Paper 2465-C
Sources and transport for phosphorous and nitrogen to the Tualatin River, Oregon, were characterized for summer (May through October) low-flow conditions during 1991, 1992, and 1993. Mass balances for water and chemical constituents, which were generated for the main-stem river, provide important context for nutrient-reduction efforts in the basin....
Modeling discharge, temperature, and water quality in the Tualatin River, Oregon
Stewart A. Rounds, Tamara M. Wood, Dennis D. Lynch
1999, Water Supply Paper 2465-B
The discharge, water temperature, and water quality of the Tualatin River in northwestern Oregon was simulated with CE-QUAL-W2, a two-dimensional, laterally averaged model developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The model was calibrated for May through October periods of 1991, 1992, and 1993. Nine hypothetical scenarios were tested...
Ground-water resources of Kings and Queens counties, Long Island, New York
Herbert T. Buxton, Peter K. Shernoff
1999, Water Supply Paper 2498
From 1981 through 1986, the U.S. Geological Survey investigated the ground-water system of western Long Island, New York, including Kings and Queens counties. This report describes the structure and operation of the western part of the Long Island ground-water system, and the hydrologic effects associated with human development from 1900...
Numerical model analysis of the effects of ground-water withdrawals on discharge to streams and springs in small basins typical of the Puget Sound lowland, Washington
David S. Morgan, Joseph L. Jones
1999, Water Supply Paper 2492
A numerical ground-water flow model of a hypothetical basin typical of those in the Puget Sound Lowland of western Washington simulated effects of ground-water withdrawals on rates of natural discharge to streams and springs. The model was calibrated to natural conditions and simulated effects by varying distance from well to...
Water-quality assessment of the Delmarva Peninsula, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia: Results of investigations, 1987-91
Robert J. Shedlock, J. M. Denver, M. A. Hayes, P. A. Hamilton, M.T. Koterba, L. J. Bachman, P. J. Phillips, W. S. Banks
1999, Water Supply Paper 2355-A
A regional ground-water-quality assessment of the Delmarva Peninsula was conducted as a pilot study for the U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. The study focused on the surficial aquifer and used both existing data and new data collected between 1988 and 1991. The new water samples were analyzed...
Surface-water-quality assessment of the Yakima River basin, Washington. Distribution of pesticides and other organic compounds in water, sediment, and aquatic biota, 1987-91: With a section on dissolved organic carbon in the Yakima River basin
Joseph F. Rinella, Stuart W. McKenzie, J. Kent Crawford, William T. Foreman, Gregory J. Fuhrer, Jennifer L. Morace, George R. Aiken
1999, Water Supply Paper 2354-B
During 1987-91, chemical data were collected for pesticides and other organic compounds in surface water, streambed sediment, suspended sediment, agricultural soil, and aquatic biota to determine the occurrence, distribution, transport, and fate of organic compounds in the Yakima River basin in Washington. The report describes the chemical and physical properties...
Surface-water-quality assessment of the Yakima River basin in Washington: Spatial and temporal distribution of trace elements in water, sediment, and aquatic biota, 1987-91
Gregory J. Fuhrer, Daniel J. Cain, Stuart W. McKenzie, Joseph F. Rinella, J. Kent Crawford, Kenneth A. Skach, Michelle I. Hornberger, Marshall W. Gannett
1999, Water Supply Paper 2354-A
The report describes the distribution of trace elements in sediment, water, and aquatic biota in the Yakima River basin, Washington. Trace elements were determined from streambed sediment, suspended sediment, filtered and unfiltered water samples, aquatic insects, clams, fish livers, and fish fillets between 1987 and 1991. The distribution of trace...
Puerto Rico, humedales [Puerto Rico, wetlands]
D. Briane Adams, John M. Hefner, Teresa Dopazo (translator)
1999, Water Supply Paper 2425
La isla de Puerto Rico, localizada al noreste del Mar Caribe y sus islas principales, Vieques, Culebra e Isla de Mona, poseen humedales en abundancia . El clima subtropical, la lluvia abundante y las complejas formas topográficas y geológicas de estas islas dan origen a los humedales, que varían...
Evaluation of the hydrologic system and selected water-management alternatives in the Owens Valley, California
Wesley R. Danskin
1998, Water Supply Paper 2370-H
The Owens Valley, a long, narrow valley along the east side of the Sierra Nevada in east-central California, is the main source of water for the city of Los Angeles. The city diverts most of the surface water in the valley into the Owens River-Los Angeles Aqueduct system, which transports...
Riparian-vegetation controls on the spatial pattern of stream-channel instability, Little Piney Creek, Missouri
Robert B. Jacobson, Aaron L. Pugh
1998, Water Supply Paper 2494
The role of riparian vegetation is assessed quantitatively by using a five-decade record of valley bottom vegetation and channel dynamics developed from historical aerial photography. A 12-kilometer reach of a typical Ozarks stream was mapped using aerial photographs from 1938, 1948, 1955, 1965, 1976, and 1989; maps were then analyzed...
Ground-water-quality assessment of the Central Oklahoma aquifer, Oklahoma: Results of investigations
Scott C. Christenson, John S. Havens
1998, Water Supply Paper 2357-A
This is a collection of five papers intended to summarize the results of an assessment of the ground-water quality of the Central Oklahoma Aquifer. The papers include a summary of investigations, the diagenetic history of Permian rocks in the aquifer, a geochemical characterization of solid-phase materials, a summary of geochemical...
Use of a ground-water flow model with particle tracking to evaluate ground-water vulnerability, Clark County, Washington
Daniel T. Snyder, James M. Wilkinson, Leonard L. Orzol
1998, Water Supply Paper 2488
A ground-water flow model was used in conjunction with a particle-tracking program to demonstrate a method of evaluating ground-water vulnerability. The study area encompassed the part of the Portland Basin located in Clark County, Washington. A new computer program was developed that interfaces the particle-tracking program with a geographic information...
Summary of floods in the United States, January 1992 through September 1993
Charles A. Perry, L. J. Combs, editor(s)
1998, Water Supply Paper 2499
This volume contains a summary of the flooding in the upper Mississippi River Basin during the spring and summer of 1993 and 36 articles describing severe, widespread, or unusual flooding in the United States from January 1, 1992, to the end of the 1993 water year, September 30, 1993. Each...
Using chloride and chlorine-36 as soil-water tracers to estimate deep percolation at selected locations on the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford Site, Washington
Edmund A. Prych
1998, Water Supply Paper 2481
A chloride mass-balance method and a chlorine-36 isotope bomb-pulse method were used to estimate long-term average rates of deep percolation at at the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford Site. Because the bomb-pulse method typically gives an upper limit and the mass-balance method may underestimate, estimates from both methods probably bracket...
Analysis of ground-water flow and saltwater encroachment in the shallow aquifer system of Cape May County, New Jersey
Frederick J. Spitz
1998, Water Supply Paper 2490
Cape May County, New Jersey, is on a natural peninsula that is virtually surrounded by saltwater. A calibrated quasi-three-dimensional sharp-interface model was used to simulate ground-water flow in the shallow aquifer system under two water-supply-development alternatives for a 30-year planning period. The alternatives involve modest increases in withdrawals in combination...
Estimation of roughness coefficients for natural stream channels with vegetated banks
William F. Coon
1998, Water Supply Paper 2441
Roughness coefficients for 21 stream sites in New York state are presented. The site-specific relation between roughness coefficent and flow depth varies in a predictable manner, depending on energy gradient, relative smoothness (Rd50), and channel-vegetation density. The percentage of wetted perimeter that is vegetated is a useful indicator of when...
Dissolved oxygen in the Tualatin River, Oregon, during winter flow conditions, 1991 and 1992
Valerie J. Kelly
1997, Water Supply Paper 2465-A
This report describes the capacity of the Tualatin River to assimilate oxygen-demanding material during winter streamflow conditions, with an emphasis on peak-flow and winter base-flow conditions. The study examined major processes governing concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the river under different streamflow conditions, as well as the effect of...
Water and salt balance of Great Salt Lake, Utah, and simulation of water and salt movement through the causeway
Steven R. Wold, Blakemore E. Thomas, Kidd M. Waddell
1997, Water Supply Paper 2450
The water and salt balance of Great Salt Lake primarily depends on the amount of inflow from tributary streams and the conveyance properties of a causeway constructed during 1957-59 that divides the lake into the south and north parts. The conveyance properties of the causeway originally included two culverts, each...
Effects of simulated ground-water pumping and recharge on ground-water flow in Cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket Island basins, Massachusetts
John P. Masterson, Paul M. Barlow
1997, Water Supply Paper 2447
Three-dimensional transient ground-water-flow models that simulate both freshwater and saltwater flow were developed for the flow cells of the Cape Cod Basin to determine the effects of long-term pumping and recharge, seasonal fluctuations in pumping and recharge, and prolonged reductions of natural recharge, on the position of the freshwater-saltwater interface,...
