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U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5076

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Table 3. List of inputs to the hydrodynamic and heat transport model of Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon.

[How determined: m indicates a measured quantity; c indicates a calibration parameter; l indicates a value determined from literature; p indicates a physical constant. Abbreviations: m, meter; s, second; J, joules; g, gram; °C, degrees Celsius; mb, millibar; W, Watt; kg, kilogram; N, Newton; °K, degrees Kelvin; –, no units]

Symbol	Name	Value	Units	How determined
a	Constant in equation for surface drag coefficient	0.00056	(m s-1)-0.5	c
CB	Bowen ratio empirical coefficient	0.61	mb °C -1	31
cp	Specific heat capacity of water at 20°C	4.186	J g-1 ºC-1	p
	Constant used to relate turbulent kinetic energy to rate of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation	0.5544	–	1l
Dh	Horizontal turbulent diffusivity coefficient	0.01	m2 s-1	2l
g	Gravitational acceleration	9.81	m s-2	p
HSW	Incoming shortwave radiation	Variable	W m-2	m
Kh	Horizontal turbulent viscosity coefficient	0.10	m2 s-1	2l
ke	Extinction coefficient	2.9	m-1	m
Lw	Latent heat of evaporation	2.5 × 106	J kg-1	p
M	Fraction of the sky covered by clouds	0.23	–	m
pa	Atmospheric pressure	871.4	mb	m
psl	Atmospheric pressure at sea level	1,013.25	mb	p
rh	Relative humidity	Variable	–	m
rLW	Fraction of incident longwave radiation reflected at the water surface	0.02	–	c
rSW	Fraction of incident shortwave radiation reflected at the water surface	0.05	–	c
Ta	Air temperature	Variable	°C	m
	Wind vector at i m above the surface	Variable	m s-1	m
z0	Bottom roughness height	0.0005	m	c
α0	Proportionality constant	0.937 × 10-5	°K-2	4l
	Emmisivity of water	0.97	–	p
κ	von Karman constant	0.41	–	p
ρ0	Reference of density of water	1,000	kg m-3	p
ρa	Density of air (dry air at 20°C and Pa)	1.036	kg m-3	p
σ	Stefan-Boltzmann constant	5.67 ×10-8	W m-2 °K-4	p

¹Warner and others (2005).

²Bowie and others, 1985 and Lerman (1971).

³Bowen (1926).

⁴Martin and McCutcheon (1998), Swinbank (1963), and Wunderlich (1972).

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