USGS

Preliminary Conceptual Models of the Occurrence, Fate, and Transport of Chlorinated Solvents in Karst Regions of Tennessee

Table 5. Selected case studies from Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation site files

[Data source: Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation Superfund site files (unpublished); TCE, trichloroethylene; PCE, tetrachloroethylene; DCE, dichloroethylene; TCFM, Trichlorofluoromethane, TCA, trichloroethane; mg/kg, milligrams per kilogram; mg/L, milligrams per liter; DNAPL, dense nonaqueous phase liquid; U.S. EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]

Description

Inner Central Basin

Outer Central Basin

Site Characteristics

 

 

 

 

 

Site number

59-502

75-531

95-501

19-565

94-508

County

Marshall

Rutherford

Wilson

Davidson

Williamson

Activity

Manufacturing

Waste recycling, reclaiming

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Waste disposal

Years of operation

17

2

25

36

1

Primary chlorinated solvent(s)

TCE

TCE/PCE

TCE

TCE/1,2-DCE

TCE/PCE

Estimated release volume (liters)

13,000

7,286

Unknown

570 to 800

Unknown

Dye-trace data available (Yes/No)

Yes

No

No

No

No

Site Hydrogeology

 

 

 

 

 

Regolith thickness (meters)

4 to 9

Less than 1

0.45 to 2.8

Up to 18

1 to 5

Bedrock: Limestone (L), Dolomite (D), Shale (S)

L/S

L/S

L/S

L

L/S

Average depth to water (meters)

6 to 15

12 to 24

2

Varies

4.3 to 11

Fracture flow (Yes/No)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Karst features

Springs, sinking streams, caves

Sinkholes

Sinkholes, springs

Springs

Springs

Contaminant Characteristics

 

 

 

 

 

Highest soil concentration (mg/kg)

TCE 1,160

PCE 0.52

TCE 2.1

TCE 0.022

PCE 0.024

Highest dissolved concentration (mg/L)

TCE 950,000

No wells

TCE 290

TCE 10

TCE 0.85

Measured dissolved horizontal extent (meters)

370 x 200

Unknown

200 x 430

183 x 243

300 x 110

Measured dissolved vertical extent (meters)

68

Unknown

20

12 to 15

5 to 13

Potential for DNAPL occurrence (U.S. EPA, 1992b)

Confirmed

Moderate

High

Moderate

Moderate

DNAPL observed (Yes/No)

Yes

No

No

No

No

 

 

Description

Highland Rim

Site Characteristics

 

 

 

 

Site number

26-501

26-502

26-505

28-502

County

Coffee

Franklin

Coffee

Giles

Activity

Waste disposal

Waste disposal

Waste disposal

Manufacturing

Years of operation

29

27

22

23

Primary chlorinated solvent(s)

PCE/TCE

TCFM/PCE/TCE

PCE/1,1,1-TCA

1,1,1-TCA/PCE

Estimated release volume (liters)

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Dye-trace data available (Yes/No)

No

No

No

Yes

Site Hydrogeology

 

 

 

 

Regolith thickness (meters)

22 to 29

18 to 25

20 to 26

20

Bedrock: Limestone (L), Dolomite (D), Shale (S)

L

L

L

L

Average depth to water (meters)

1.5 to 6

6 to 15

5 to 8

5 to 8

Fracture flow (Yes/No)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Karst features

None

Springs

None

Springs

Contaminant Characteristics

 

 

 

 

Highest soil concentration (mg/kg)

PCE 95.6, TCE 39

PCE 7.3, TCE 1.0

PCE 3,000

1,1,1-TCA 250

Highest dissolved concentration (mg/L)

PCE 120, TCE 89

TCFM 170, TCE 26

PCE 140; 1,1,1-TCA 290

PCE 16

Measured dissolved horizontal extent (meters)

2,600 x 760

2,000 x 400

420 x 270

36 x 46

Measured dissolved vertical extent (meters)

30

26

11

2 to 5

Potential for DNAPL occurrence (U.S. EPA, 1992b)

High/moderate

High/moderate

Confirmed

High

DNAPL observed (Yes/No)

No

No

Yes

No

 

Description

Highland Rim

Site Characteristics

 

 

 

Site number

89-504

91-501

91-502

County

Warren

Wayne

Wayne

Activity

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Waste disposal

Years of operation

37

15

2

Primary chlorinated solvent(s)

TCE/1,2-DCE/PCE

TCE

TCE/PCE

Estimated release volume (liters)

Unknown

Unknown

40,000

Dye-trace data available (Yes/No)

Yes

No

No

Site Hydrogeology

 

 

 

Regolith thickness (meters)

5 to 9

1 to 3

50

Bedrock: Limestone (L), Dolomite (D), Shale (S)

L

L

L

Average depth to water (meters)

2 to 4

Varies to 12

13 to 60

Fracture flow (Yes/No)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Karst features

Sinkholes, caves, springs, sinking streams

Spring

Springs

Contaminant Characteristics

 

 

 

Highest soil concentration (mg/kg)

TCE 0.048

TCE 0.019

TCE 0.215

Highest dissolved concentration (mg/L)

1,2-DCE 8.82

TCE 250

PCE 40

Measured dissolved horizontal extent (meters)

122 x 30

Greater than 320 x 251

Unknown

Measured dissolved vertical extent (meters)

16 to 22

30

53

Potential for DNAPL occurrence (U.S. EPA, 1992b)

Confirmed

High

High

DNAPL observed (Yes/No)

Yes

No

No

 

Description

Valley and Ridge

Site Characteristics

 

 

 

 

 

Site number

01-585

06-505

15-508

32-512

33-556

County

Anderson

Bradley

Cocke

Hamblen

Hamilton

Activity

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Manufacturing

Years of operation

1

35

27

23

32

Primary chlorinated solvent(s)

TCE

TCE/PCE

TCE/1,1,1-TCA

TCE

PCE

Estimated release volume (liters)

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Dye-trace data available (Yes/No)

No

Nearby site

No

No

No

Site Hydrogeology

 

 

 

 

 

Regolith thickness (meters)

5 to 11

4 to 12

1 to 5

5 to 17

8.5 to 15

Bedrock: Limestone (L), Dolomite (D), Shale (S)

S

L/S

S/D

S/D

S/L

Average depth to water (meters)

6 to 7

6 to 7

3 to 8

21 to 40

4.5 to 6

Fracture flow (Yes/No)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Karst features

Spring

Springs

Springs

Spring, sinks

None

Contaminant Characteristics

 

 

 

 

 

Highest soil concentration (mg/kg)

TCE 12

PCE 890

TCE 0.035

TCE 25

Not detected

Highest dissolved concentration (mg/L)

TCE 26

PCE 25

TCE 5.76

TCE 0.19

PCE 84

Measured dissolved horizontal extent (meters)

53 x 29

430 x 120

300 x 220

95 x 73

300 x 200

Measured dissolved vertical extent (meters)

125

36

14 to 17

47 to 50

19.5

Potential for DNAPL occurrence (U.S. EPA, 1992b)

High

High/moderate

Moderate

Moderate

High/moderate

DNAPL observed (Yes/No)

No

No

No

No

No

 

Case study characteristics

Valley and Ridge

Western toe of the Blue Ridge

Site Characteristics

 

 

 

 

 

Site number

37-512

54-505

82-506

82-516

86-501

County

Hawkins

McMinn

Sullivan

Sullivan

Unicoi

Activity

Drum storage/degreasing

Waste disposal

Storage/drums

Waste disposal

Waste disposal

Years of operation

5

12

4

7

7

Primary chlorinated solvent(s)

1,1,1-TCA

1,1,1-TCA/TCE

1,1,1-TCA

TCE

TCE

Estimated release volume (liters)

Unknown

Up to 420,000

Unknown

79,000 to 200,000

More than 800,000

Dye-trace data available (Yes/No)

No

No

No

No

No

Site Hydrogeology

 

 

 

 

 

Regolith thickness (meters)

0.5 to 5

11 to 20

3

Less than 1.5

15 to 30

Bedrock: Limestone (L), Dolomite (D), Shale (S)

D/L/S

D

S

L/S

D

Average depth to water (meters)

1 to 9

Perched

0.3 to 2

Varies

10 to 40

Fracture flow (Yes/No)

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Karst features

Springs

Sinks, springs

None

Springs, seeps

Springs

Contaminant Characteristics

 

 

 

 

 

Highest soil concentration (mg/kg)

1,1,1-TCA 1.1

TCE 4.1

1,1,1-TCA 4.58

TCE 5.34

Not detected

Highest dissolved concentration (mg/L)

1,1,1-TCA 4.4

1,1,1-TCA 0.091

1,1,1-TCA 51.8

TCE 960

TCE 0.29, DCE 0.31

Measured dissolved horizontal extent (meters)

37 x 46

490 x 240

90 x 30

550 x 335

150

Measured dissolved vertical extent (meters)

13

26

3

108

54

Potential for DNAPL occurrence (U.S. EPA, 1992b)

High/moderate

High/moderate

High/moderate

Confirmed

High/moderate

DNAPL observed (Yes/No)

No

No

No

Yes

No



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