Lava-Cooling Operations During the 1973 Eruption of Eldfell Volcano,
Heimaey, Vestmannaeyjar, Iceland
U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-724


Title Page

Table of Contents

Editor's Introduction

Lava Cooling

Lava Cooling on Heimaey: Methods and Procedures

Appendix 1

Computerized Bibliographic Database of Publications Relating to Diversion of Lava Flows. Source: Library, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, U.S. Geological Survey, Hawaiian Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii



Abersten, L., and Le Guern, F., 1987, Lava flows diversion, past experience and new projects [abs.], in Decker, R. W., Halbig, J.B., Hazlett, R.W., Okamura, R., and Wright, T.L., ed(s)., Hawaii Symposium on How Volcanoes Work, Hilo, HI, January 19-25, 1987, Abstract volume: Honolulu, University of Hawaii, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, p. 10.

Anonymous, 1881, The very latest from the volcano, in: Hawaiian Gazette, Aug. 10, p. 3.

Anonymous, 1881, Latest from the lava flow, in: Hawaiian Gazette, Aug. 17, p. 3.

Anonymous, 1936, Volcano Mauna Loa's lava flows again: Paradise of the Pacific, v. 48, Jan., p. 6-8.

Baclig, A., 1977, Kalapana in path-Kilauea flow slows, in: Hilo Tribune Herald, Sept. 30, p. 1.

Baker, W.E., Esparza, E.D., Hokanson, J.C., Funnell, J.E., Moseley, P.E., and Deffenbaugh, D.M., 1978, Initial feasibility study of water vessels for arresting lava flow: San Antonio, Tex., Southwest Research Institute, AMSAA contractor report, FEAT Interim Note No. F-13 (unclassified), Nov., 103 p. [Prepared for U.S. Army Material Systems Analysis Activity, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.]

Baker, P.E., 1992, Oceanic islands and the mantle: historical perspectives: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 50, p. 17-32.

Baldwin, C.W., 1901, Geography of Hawaii: Hawaii's Young People, v. 6, no. 1, Sept. p. 7-10, 43-48, 74-78, 102-106; 1902, v. 6, no. 6, Jan., p. 143-147.

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Baldwin, E.D., 1953, Notes on the 1880-81 lava flow from Mauna Loa: The Volcano Letter, no. 520, p. 1-3. [See Fiske and others, 1987]

Barberi, F., and Gasparini, P., 1976, Volcanic hazards: Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, no. 14, p. 217-232. [Lava diversion, p. 220]

Belt, Collins, and Associates Ltd., 1961, A plan for the metropolitan area of Hilo: Hilo, HI, Hawaii County, p. 94-98; lava diversion, p. 116-117 (118 p).

Bevens, D., Takahashi, T.J., and Wright, T. L., ed(s)., 1988, The early serial publications of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, 3 v.: Hawaii National Park, Hawaii Natural History Association, v. 1, 565 p.; v. 2, 1273 p.; v. 3, 1224 p.

Birtle, A.J., 1988, The battle against Mauna Loa: the use of air power to protect life and property in Hawaii: Aerospace Historian, v. 35, no. 3, p. 181-189.

Blong, R. J., 1984, Volcanic hazards and buildings, in Volcanic hazards; a sourcebook on the effects of eruptions: Sydney, Australia, Academic Press, chap. 5, p. 187-214 (424 p.).

Bolt, B.A., Horn, W.L., Macdonald, G.A., and Scott, R.F., 1975, Hazards from volcanoes, in Geological hazards: New York, Springer-Verlag, chap. 2, p. 87-93 (328 p.).

Bryan, L.W., 1939, Mauna Loa and bombing Pele's lava: Paradise of the Pacific, v. 51, Dec., p. 79-80.

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Center for the Study of Active Volcanoes, 1992, Earthquake, Tsunami, and Volcano Hazards Seminar: Hilo, HI, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Center for the Study of Active Volcanoes, [22 p.].

Craven, H.L., 1959, The day the Air Corps bombed Hawaii: the Airman, v. 3, no. 3, Mar., p. 46-48.

Cummings, B.E., 1975, Feasibility considerations for explosive diversion of Hawaii lava flows: Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories, Interim Memorandum Report No. 463 (unclassified), Dec., 51 p.

Davis, D.A., and Yamanaga, G., 1968, Preliminary report on the water resources of the Hilo-Puna area, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Circular C45, 38+ p. [Prepared by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Hawaii Division of Water and Land Development, Department of Land and Natural Resources]

de Vis-Norton, L.W., 1936, Un nueva aplicacion cientifica: Revista Geografica Americana, v. 6, p. 121-128.

de Vis-Norton, L.W., 1937, La science sauve une ville: La Revue Columbienne, v. 2, p. 6-7, 15.

Decker, R. W., 1982, Reducing volcanic risk [abs.]: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 63, no. 45, p. 1131. [AGU fall meeting, San Francisco, CA, Dec. 7-15, 1982, Program and abstracts]

Emerson, N. B., 1881, [On the 1881 lava flow of Mauna Loa], in: Hawaiian Gazette, Aug. 31, p. 3.

Fagerlund, G.O., 1942, Mauna Loa eruption--1942 edition: Paradise of the Pacific, v. 54, July, p. 6-8, 30.

Farrell, A., ed(s)., 1936, Writings of Lorrin A. Thurston: Honolulu, Advertiser Publishing Co., p. 58-104.

Finch, R.H., 1942, The 1942 eruption of Mauna Loa: The Volcano Letter, no. 476, p. 1-6. [In the Volcano Letter, compiled and reprinted in 1987 by Fiske, R.S., Simkin, T., and Nielsen, E.A., eds. Smithsonian Institution Press, 539 p.]

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Finch, R.H., and Macdonald, G.A., 1949, Bombing to divert lava flows: The Volcano Letter, no. 506, p. 1-3. [In The Volcano Letter, compiled and reprinted in 1987 by Fiske, R.S., Simkin, T., and Nielsen, E.A., eds., Smithsonian Institution Press, 539 p.]

Finch, R.H., and Macdonald, G.A., 1951, Report of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory for 1948 and 1949: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 974-D, p. 103-133.

Fiske, R.S., Simkin, T., and Nielsen, E.A., ed(s)., 1987, The Volcano Letter: Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 539 p. [Compiled and reprinted; originally published 1925-1955, by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory]

Frisen, R.M., 1937, Man performs a miracle: Pan-Pacific Magazine, v. 1, Jan.-Mar., p. 55-57.

Garcia, M.O., and Decker, R.W., 1980, Preface [to G. A. Macdonald Special Memorial Issue], in Garcia, M.O., and Decker, R.W., ed(s)., G.A. Macdonald Special Memorial Issue: Bulletin Volcanologique, v. 43, no. 4, p. 625.

Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, 1984, Geologic hazards impact analysis of potential geothermal resource areas: Honolulu, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, Circular C-107, 38 p.

Hawaii Division of Water and Land Development, 1985, Proposed Kilauea middle east rift geothermal resource subzone: Puna Forest Reserve, island of Hawaii: Hawaii Division of Water and Land Development Circular C-115, 39 p.

Heliker, C., 1990, Volcanic and seismic hazards on the island of Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey General Interest Publication, 48 p.

Honolulu Advertiser, 1955, Lava flows into sea, in: Honolulu Advertiser, Mar. 29, p. A1, A3.

Honolulu Advertiser, 1955, Success of lava dikes brought hope to Hilo, in: Honolulu Advertiser, Mar. 27, p. D4 (p. D1-D6).

Jaggar, T.A., Jr., 1936, The bombing of Mauna Loa, 1935: The Military Engineer, v. 28, no. 160, p. 241-245. [Reprinted in the Volcano Letter, no. 442, 1936 (See Fiske and others, 1987).]

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Jaggar, T.A., Jr., 1936, The bombing operation at Mauna Loa: The Volcano Letter, no. 431, p. 4-7. [In The Volcano Letter, compiled and reprinted in 1987 by Fiske, R.S., Simkin, T., and Nielsen, E.A., eds., Smithsonian Institution Press, 539 p. Additional information on the bombing of the 1935 lava flows is given in Volcano Letters 430 (Journal of the Mauna Loa eruption December, 1935, p. 4-8) and 432 (Retrospect, p. 2-6).]

Jaggar, T.A., Jr., 1937, Protection of Hilo from coming lava flows: The Volcano Letter, no. 443, p. 1-8. [In The Volcano Letter, compiled and reprinted in 1987 by Fiske, R.S., Simkin, T., and Nielsen, E.A., eds. Smithsonian Institution Press, 539 p. This is an address delivered to the Hilo Chamber of Commerce, January 19, 1937]

Jaggar, T.A., Jr., 1937, Work of the observatory--1937: The Volcano Letter, no. 454, p. 1-3. [In the Volcano Letter, compiled and reprinted in 1987 by Fiske, R.S., Simkin, T., and Nielsen, E.A., eds., Smithsonian Institution Press, 539 p.]

Jaggar, T.A., Jr., 1937, Mauna Loa: The Volcano Letter, no. 445, p. 1-7. [In The Volcano Letter, compiled and reprinted in 1987 by Fiske, R.S., Simkin, T., and Nielsen, E.A., eds., Smithsonian Institution Press, 539 p. Author not given, but the prose is Jaggar's.]

Jaggar, T.A., Jr., 1939, Expedition to lava-bombing site: The Volcano Letter, no. 465, p. 1-3. [In The Volcano Letter, compiled and reprinted in 1987 by Fiske, R.S., Simkin, T., and Nielsen, E.A., eds., Smithsonian Institution Press, 539 p.]

Jaggar, T.A., Jr., 1942, Artificial defense against lava-flow damage: Suitland, MD, Unpublished manuscript, 131 p. [Not owned; from Lockwood, 1980, Bulletin Volcanologique]

Jaggar, T.A., Jr., 1945, Volcanoes declare war: Honolulu, Paradise of the Pacific, Ltd., 166 p.

Jaggar, T.A., Jr., 1945, Protection of harbors from lava flow: American Journal of Science, v. 243-A (Daly Volume), p. 333-351.

Jaggar, T.A., Jr., 1949, Threat of lava flow in Hilo [abs.], in Hawaiian Academy of Science, 24th annual meeting, Honolulu, T.H., Proceedings: Hawaiian Academy of Science, 24th Annual Meeting, Proceedings, p. 9.

Jaggar, T.A., Jr., 1956, My experiments with volcanoes: Honolulu, Hawaiian Volcano Research Association, 198 p.

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Jones, A.E., 1937, The formation of basaltic lava flows: Journal of Geology, v. 45, p. 872-880.

Kjargaard, J.I., 1994, Kilauea. Close up of an active volcano: Videocassette produced by Ka Io Productions, P.O. Box 909, Volcano, Hawaii.

Lachman, R., and Bonk, W.J., 1960, Behavior and beliefs during the recent volcanic eruption at Kapoho, Hawaii: Science, v. 131, Apr., p. 1095-1096.

Leet, L.D., 1948, Causes of catastrophe; earthquakes, volcanoes, tidal waves, and hurricanes: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 232 p. [Pages 108-119 cover the material abstracted]

Lipman, P.W., and Banks, N.C., 1984, A'a flow dynamics, 1984 Mauna Loa eruption [abs.]: Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, v. 65, no. 45, p. 1138 [AGU fall meeting, San Francisco, CA, Dec. 3-7, 1984, Program and abstracts]

Lipman, P.W., and Banks, N.G., 1987, Aa flow dynamics, Mauna Loa 1984 in Decker, R.W., Wright, T.L., and Stauffer, P.H., ed(s)., Volcanism in Hawaii, 2 v.: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, v. 2, chap. 57, p. 1527-1567.

Lockwood, J.P., 1979, Diversion of lava flows by aerial bombing [abs.], in Pacific Science Congress, 14th, Khabarovsk, U.S.S.R., Aug. 1979, Abstracts: Moscow, Pacific Science Association, Sect. B IV, p. 97.

Lockwood, J.P., and Torgerson, F.A., 1980, Diversion of lava flows by aerial bombing--lessons from Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii, in Garcia, M.O. and Decker, R.W., ed(s)., G.A. Macdonald Special Memorial Issue: Bulletin Volcanologique, v. 43, no. 4, p. 727-741.

Lockwood, J.P., Moore, H.J., Robinson, E., and Wu, S., 1987, Lava diversion structures to protect the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 19, no. 6, p. 399. [Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Section, 83rd annual meeting, Hilo, HI, May 20-22, 1987]

Lockwood, J.P., 1988, Lava diversion-techniques, and strategy [abs.], in Kagoshima International Conference on Volcanoes, Kagoshima, Japan, July 19-23, 1988, Abstracts: Kagoshima, Japan, Kagoshima Prefectural Government, p. 492.

Lockwood, J.P., 1992, Lava diversion--should people mess with mother nature? [abs.], in Earthquake, Tsunami, and Volcano Hazards Seminar, Hilo, HI, Aug. 6, 1992, [Abstracts]: Hilo, HI, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Center for the Study of Active Volcanoes, [unpag.].

Lyman, L.C., 1940, New plan to stop lava flows told by Hilo kama'aina, in: Hilo Tribune Herald, June 30, p. 1, 3. [News report of a lecture by L.C. Lyman]

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Macdonald, G.A., 1943, The 1942 eruption of Mauna Loa, Hawaii: American Journal of Science, v. 241, p. 241-256. [Includes index map; reprinted 1943 in Smithsonian Institution Annual Report, p. 199-212]

Macdonald, G.A., and Orr., J.B., 1950, The 1949 summit eruption of Mauna Loa, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 974-A, 33 p.

Macdonald, G.A., and Eaton, J.P., 1955, The 1955 eruption of Kilauea Volcano: The Volcano Letter, no. 529-530, p. 1-10. [In The Volcano Letter, compiled and reprinted in 1987 by Fiske, R.S., Simkin,T., and Nielsen, E.A, eds., Smithsonian Institution Press, 539 p.]

Macdonald, G.A., 1956, The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory: All About Hawaii (Thrum's Hawaiian Annual), p. 35-42.

Macdonald, G.A., 1958, Barriers to protect Hilo from lava flows: Pacific Science, v. 12, no. 3, p. 258-277.

Macdonald, G.A., 1958, Protection of places from lava flows: Bulletin Volcanologique, ser. 2, v. 19, p. 45-65.

Macdonald, G.A., 1972, Protective and alleviative methods: lava flows, in Volcanoes: Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., p. 419-423.

MCM Planning, 1993, Draft Environmental Impact Statement: conceptual plan for a commercial satellite launching facility, Palima Point, Ka'u, Hawaii, 3 v.: Honolulu, Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism (DBEDT), v. 1, pag. by sections: chap. 3, sec. I [geologic and seismic hazards], p. 3-14 - 3-18; chap. 4, sec. I, natural hazards, p. 4-1 - 4-5.

MCM Planning, 1993, Draft Environmental Impact Statement: conceptual plan for a commercial satellite launching facility, Palima Point, Ka'u, Hawaii, 3 v.: Honolulu, Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism (DBEDT), v. 2, pag. by sections: natural hazards, chap. 8, p. 8-4; chap. 9, p. 9-4 - 9-6. [Report prepared for MCM Planning, Honolulu]

Miklius, A., Lockwood, J.P., and Clague, D.A., 1994, Mauna Loa update: HCV (The Hawaii Center for Volcanology) Newsletter, v. 1, no. 2, p. 1-2.

Moore, H.J., 1982, A geologic evaluation of proposed lava diversion barriers for the NOAA Mauna Loa Observatory Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 82-314, 17 p.

Mullineaux, D.R., and Peterson, D.W., 1974, Volcanic hazards on the island of Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 74-239, 61 p.; 2 folded maps.

Mullineaux, D.R., Peterson, D.W., and Crandell, D.R., 1987, Volcanic hazards in the Hawaiian Islands, in Decker, R.W., Wright, T.L., and Stauffer, P.H., ed(s)., Volcanism in Hawaii, 2 v.: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, v. 1, chap. 22, p. 599-621.

Neal, C.A., and Wolfe, E.W., 1987, Observations of lava flows, Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii [abs.], in International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, 19th General Assembly, Vancouver, British Columbia, August 9-22, 1987, Abstracts: International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, 19th General Assembly, Abstracts, v. 2, p. 414.

Neudecker, J.W., Widdicombe, R., and McGetchin, T.R., 1976, Simulation of Mauna Loa lava flows using a structural scale model of Hawaii [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 8, no. 6, p. 1027. [Geological Society of America, 89th annual meeting, Denver, CO, Nov. 8-11, 1976]

Ollier, C., 1969, What to do when a volcano erupts, in Volcanoes: Cambridge, The MIT Press, p. 158-160; bib., p. 163-169 (177 p.).

Parsons, W., 1960, Kilauea speaks: Inside Wayne, v. 21, 5 p.

Rittman, A., 1936, Vulkane and ihre Tatigkeit [Volcanoes and their activity]: Stuttgart, Ferdinand Enke, 188 p. [includes folded maps]. [Published 1962 by John Wiley & Sons, New York; translated from the 2nd German ed. by E.A. Vincent. Pages 16-19, 52-55, 104-105, 116-121, 209-242 cover the material abstracted]

Rittman, A., 1962, Volcanoes and their activity: New York, John Wiley &Sons, p. 55 (305 p.). [Translated from the 2nd German ed. by E.A. Vincent]

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Rosenau, J.C., Lubke, E.R., and Nakahara, R.H., 1971, Water resources of north-central Oahu, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 1899-D, p. D1-D40.

Rowland, S.K., 1987, The flow character of Hawaiian basalt lavas: University of Hawaii at Manoa, Ph.D. dissertation, 118 p.

Sapper, K., 1936, Kampf mit der Lava des Mauna Loa im Dezamber 1935: Petermanns Geografische Mitteilungen, no. 9, p. 284.

Scheidegger, A.E. 1975, Physical aspects of natural catastrophes: Amsterdam, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., p. 64-65 (289 p.).

Slemmons, D.B., Bergantz, G.W., Whitney, R.A., McBirney, A.R., and Baker, B.H., 1981, Seismic volcanic risk assessment, Puna geothermal prospect area, Hawaii: Honolulu, Thermal Power Co., Dillingham, and AMFAC, 104 p.; appen. var. pag.

Sparks, R.S.J., 1981, Inside a volcano: the first three-dimensional map: Nature (London), v. 293, no. 5833, p. 512.

Stearns, H.T., and Macdonald, G.M., 1946, Geology and ground-water resources of the island of Hawaii: Hawaii (Terr.) Division of Hydrography Bulletin 9, 363 p.; 2 folded maps in pocket (scale 1:125, 000) [includes plates].

Thurston, L.A., 1929, Control lava havoc by TNT blast, in: Honolulu Daily Advertiser, Sept. 27, p. 1-2. [Reprinted in Thurston, L.A., 1936, p. 91-96]

Torgerson, F.A., and Bevins, J.C., 1976, Bomb cratering tests in Hawaiian lava: Honolulu [?], Pacific Air Force, DCS Operations and Intelligence HQ, Operation Analysis, Technical Note 76-2, 74 p.

Torgerson, F.A., 1976, Test report on bomb cratering tests in Hawaiian lava: Honolulu [?], Pacific Air Forces Headquarters, Operations Analysis, Technical Note 76-1, Mar., 27 p.; appen., 11 p.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1966, Review report on survey for lava flow control, island of Hawaii, State of Hawaii: Honolulu, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jan. 3, 13 p.; addenda, 7 p. [Includes correspondence]

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1977, Lava barrier construction evaluation: Honolulu, U.S. Army Engineer Pacific Ocean Division, April, 16 p.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1980, Lava flow control, island of Hawaii: review report and environmental impact statement: Honolulu, U.S. Army Engineer District, 116 p.; appen. A-F, var. pag. [includes plates].

U.S. Army Engineer District, 1975, Lava barrier system for the protection of Hilo, island of Hawaii: Honolulu, U.S. Army Engineer District, Dec., 23 p.; figs., 6 p.; appen. A (bibl.), 1 p. [Includes maps]

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Vaughan-Jackson, G., 1962, Mountains of fire; an introduction to the science of volcanoes: New York, Hastings House Publishers, chap. 2, p. 5-19; chap. 14, p. 133-138.

Wadge, G., 1989, Computer simulations of lava flow hazards [abs.], in Continental Magmatism, International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, General Assembly, Santa Fe, NM, June 25-July 1, 1989, Abstracts: New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources Bulletin 131, p. 284.

Warrick, R.A., 1979, Volcanoes as hazard: an overview, in Sheets, P.D., and Grayson, D.K., ed(s)., Volcanic activity and human ecology: New York, Academic Press, chap. 6, 161-94; (644 p.).

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Wentworth, C.K., 1954, The physical behavior of basaltic lava flows: Journal of Geology, v. 62, p. 425-438.

Wentworth, C.K., Powers, H.A., and Eaton, J.P., 1961, Feasibility of a lava-diverting barrier at Hilo, Hawaii: Pacific Science, v. 15, no. 3, p. 352-357.

Williams, R.S., Jr., and Moore, J.G., 1973, Iceland chills a lava flow: Geotimes, v. 18, no. 8, p. 14-17.

Wingate, E.G., 1934, Report on proposal to add certain lands on Mauna Loa to the Hawaii National Park and the construction of lava flow diversion embankments: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Library, Internal report, 15 p,; correspondence, 2 p. [Also letter from Wingate to the Director of the National park Service, 1937, 2 p.]

Wingate, E.G., and Finch, R.H., 1942, Detailed report made on Mauna Loa eruption, in: Honolulu Dialy Advertiser, June 1, p. 5.

Wingate, E.G., 1943, [Critique of Macdonald, 1943]: Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Library, Unpublished correspondence from Wingate to G.A. Macdonald, May 5, 1943, [4 p.].



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