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Natomas Basin Giant Gartersnake Annual Monitoring Report 2024

Open-File Report 2026-1009
Ecosystems Mission Area—Species Management Research Program
Prepared in cooperation with the Natomas Basin Conservancy
By: , , , , , , , and 
https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20261009

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Abstract

The giant gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas) is a semi aquatic snake endemic to the Central Valley of California. After losing 95 percent of its historic wetland habitat (Frayer and others, 1989), giant gartersnakes became state and federally listed as a threatened species (California Fish and Game Commission, 1971; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 1993, 1999). Continued monitoring of current populations and implementation of suggested management actions is necessary to recover the species. The Natomas basin in Sacramento, California, supports a population of giant gartersnakes persisting in restored marshes and rice agriculture. This annual report summarizes the giant gartersnake monitoring project for 2024, focusing on the apparent survival, abundance, density, and distribution of the giant gartersnakes and the connectivity of habitat throughout the Natomas basin. In 2024, 131 giant gartersnakes were captured 216 times at 44 sites by hand or trap. The catch-per-unit effort decreased from 2023 to 2024 but was similar to other years of the study. Estimates of occupancy increased between 2023 and 2024, although the trend of occupancy from 2011 through 2024 is still decreasing overall at a mean annual rate of 3 percent per year. Apparent survival was much higher at Betts-Kismat-Silva from 2018 to 2019 and from 2021 to 2022 than in other years, but this may be partly attributed to different sampling efforts over the years. Trapping effort was more consistent in the Sills tract, and apparent survival was slightly higher in later years (2022–23 and 2023–24). Giant gartersnake populations appeared to remain stable in 2024, but abundance, density, survival, and distribution is highly variable across different sites and years of the study. Continued monitoring of the populations would allow for better trend estimates over time and assessment of the effects of management activities. Giant gartersnake populations throughout the basin and on reserve lands would likely benefit from the following: (1) creating more managed marsh; (2) increasing the amount of emergent tule vegetation in existing marshes (for example, Cummings, Natomas Farms, and Lucich South); (3) continuing to flood existing marshes in early spring; (4) maintaining rice agriculture; and (5) continuing research into conservation actions that target the giant gartersnake, such as habitat and water management and translocation.

Suggested Citation

Nguyen, A.M., Rose, J.P., Jordan, A.C., Napolitano, G.R., Macias, D., Schoenig, E.J., Reyes, G.A., and Halstead, B.J., 2026, Natomas basin giant gartersnake annual monitoring report 2024: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2026–1009, 40 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20261009.

ISSN: 2331-1258 (online)

Table of Contents

  • Acknowledgments
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Purpose and Scope
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Discussion
  • References Cited
  • Appendix 1. Supplemental Information
Publication type Report
Publication Subtype USGS Numbered Series
Title Natomas basin giant gartersnake annual monitoring report 2024
Series title Open-File Report
Series number 2026-1009
DOI 10.3133/ofr20261009
Publication Date May 06, 2026
Year Published 2026
Language English
Publisher U.S. Geological Survey
Publisher location Reston, VA
Contributing office(s) Western Ecological Research Center
Description Report: viii, 40 p.
Online Only (Y/N) Y
Additional publication details