Two-dimensional Lagrangian simulation of suspended sediment
David H. Schoellhamer
1988, Journal of Hydraulic Engineering (114) 1192-1209
A two‐dimensional laterally averaged model for suspended sediment transport in steady gradually varied flow that is based on the Lagrangian reference frame is presented. The layered Lagrangian transport model (LLTM) for suspended sediment performs laterally averaged Lagrangian calculations with steady or unsteady upstream boundary concentration. The elevations of nearly horizontal...
Determining baseline element composition of lichens. I. Parmelia sulcata at Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota
L. P. Gough, R. C. Severson, L. L. Jackson
1988, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution (38) 157-167
Element-concentration baselines are given for Parmelia sulcata and associated soils. Parmelia chlorochroa was found sporadically and therefore only representative concentration ranges are reported for this species. Element data include (1) for lichens; Al, As, Ba, B, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, P, Sr, S, Ti, V, Y, and Zn; and (2) for...
Eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs: A framework for making management decisions
W. Rast, M. Holland
1988, Ambio (17) 2-12
The development of management strategies for the protection of environmental quality usually involves consideration both of technical and nontechnical issues. A logical, step-by-step framework for development of such strategies is provided. Its application to the control of cultured eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs illustrates its potential usefulness. From the perspective...
Characterization of humic acid fractions by C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Robert L. Wershaw, Kevin A. Thorn, D.J. Pinckney
1988, Environmental Technology Letters (9) 53-62
Soil humic acids from different environments were fractionated by adsorption chromatography on Sephadex and characterized by C‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The C‐13 NMR spectra of the fractions consist of some sharp, well‐resolved lines and some broad bands in contrast to the spectra of the unfractionated humic acids, where...
Leachate generated by an oil-and-gas brine pond site in North Dakota
E.C. Murphy, A.E. Kehew, G.H. Groenewold, W.A. Beal
1988, Groundwater (26) 31-38
Two unlined ponds were used for holding and evaporation of brines produced with oil and gas at a well site in north-central North Dakota. The brine-evaporation ponds were in use from 1959 up to the late 1970s when they were backfilled and leveled. Continued salt-water...
Geometry of the Juan de Fuca plate beneath Washington and northern Oregon from seismicity
C.S. Weaver, G.E. Baker
1988, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (78) 264-275
Earthquake hypocenters within the subducting Juan de Fuca plate beneath Washington and northern Oregon are interpreted as showing that the direction of plate dip changes from northeast beneath the Puget Sound region to east-southeast beneath southwestern Washington. The shallowest hypocenters within the Juan de Fuca plate are between 30- to...
The mechanics of ground deformation precursory to dome-building extrusions at Mount St. Helens 1981-1982
W.W. Chadwick Jr., R.J. Archuleta, D. A. Swanson
1988, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (93) 4351-4366
Detailed monitoring at Mount St. Helens since 1980 has enabled prediction of the intermittent eruptive activity (mostly dome growth) with unprecedented success. During 1981 and 1982, accelerating deformation of the crater floor around the vent (including radial cracks, thrust faults, and ground tilt) was the earliest indicator of impending activity....
A statistical method for estimating rates of soil development and ages of geologic deposits: A design for soil-chronosequence studies
P. Switzer, J.W. Harden, R. K. Mark
1988, Mathematical Geology (20) 49-61
A statistical method for estimating rates of soil development in a given region based on calibration from a series of dated soils is used to estimate ages of soils in the same region that are not dated directly. The method is designed specifically to account for sampling procedures and uncertainties...
Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopic compositions of a suite of Late Archean, igneous rocks, eastern Beartooth Mountains: Implications for crust-mantle evolution
J. L. Wooden, P.A. Mueller
1988, Earth and Planetary Science Letters (87) 59-72
A series of compositionally diverse, Late Archean rocks (2.74–2.79 Ga old) from the eastern Beartooth Mountains, Montana and Wyoming, U.S.A., have the same initial Pb, Sr, and Nd isotopic ratios. Lead and Sr initial ratios are higher and Nd initial ratios...
Processes affecting the distribution of selenium in shallow groundwater of agricultural areas, western San Joaquin Valley, California
S. J. Deverel, Roger Fujii
1988, Water Resources Research (24) 516-524
A study was undertaken to evaluate the processes affecting the chemistry of shallow groundwater associated with agricultural drainage systems in the western San Joaquin Valley, California. The study was prompted by a need for an understanding of selenium mobility in areas having high selenium concentrations in shallow groundwater. Groundwater samples...
Distribution, variability, and impacts of trace elements in San Francisco Bay
Samuel N. Luoma, D.J.H. Phillips
1988, Marine Pollution Bulletin (19) 413-425
No abstract available....
An economic and geographic appraisal of a spatial natural hazard risk: a study of landslide mitigation rules
R. L. Bernknopf, D.S. Brookshire, R. H. Campbell, C.D. Shapiro
1988, Environment and Planning A (20) 621-631
Efficient mitigation of natural hazards requires a spatial representation of the risk, based upon the geographic distribution of physical parameters and man-related development activities. Through such a representation, the spatial probability of landslides based upon physical science concepts is estimated for Cincinnati, Ohio. Mitigation programs designed to reduce loss from...
Using laser micro mass spectrometry with the LAMMA-1000 instrument for monitoring relative elemental concentrations in vitrinite
J.J. Morelli, D.M. Hercules, P.C. Lyons, C.A. Palmer, J.D. Fletcher
1988, Mikrochimica Acta (96) 105-118
The variation in relative elemental concentrations among a series of coal macerals belonging to the vitrinite maceral group was determined using laser micro mass spectrometry (LAMMS). Variations in Ba, Cr, Ga, Sr, Ti, and V concentrations among the coals were determined using the LAMM A-1000 instrument. LAMMS analysis is not...
Anomalous shear wave attenuation in the shallow crust beneath the Coso volcanic region, California
C. Sanders, P. Ho-Liu, D. Rinn, Kanamori Hiroo
1988, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (93) 3321-3338
We use seismograms of local earthquakes to image relative shear wave attenuation structure in the shallow crust beneath the region containing the Coso volcanic-geothermal area of eastern California. SV and P wave amplitudes were measured from vertical component seismograms of earthquakes that occurred in the Cososouthem Sierra Nevada region from July 1983 to August...
The growth of geological structures by repeated earthquakes: 2, Field examples of continental dip-slip faults
R.S. Stein, G.C.P. King, J. B. Rundle
1988, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (93) 13319-13331
A strong test of our understanding of the earthquake cycle is the ability to reproduce extant fault-bounded geological structures, such as basins and ranges, which are built by repeated cycles of deformation. Along strike-slip faults, the coseismic and interseismic deformation can be nearly equal in magnitude and opposite in sign,...
Vapor-dominated zones within hydrothermal systems: Evolution and natural state
S. E. Ingebritsen, M.L. Sorey
1988, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (93) 13635-13655
Three conceptual models illustrate the range of hydrothermal systems in which vapor-dominated conditions are found. The first model (model I) represents a system with an extensive near-vaporstatic vapor-dominated zone and limited liquid throughflow and is analogous to systems such as The Geysers, California. Such systems can evolve within low-permeability barriers...
Using exogenous variables in testing for monotonic trends in hydrologic time series
William M. Alley
1988, Water Resources Research (24) 1955-1961
One approach that has been used in performing a nonparametric test for monotonic trend in a hydrologic time series consists of a two-stage analysis. First, a regression equation is estimated for the variable being tested as a function of an exogenous variable. A nonparametric trend test such as...
Preliminary observations of streamflow generation during storms in a forested Piedmont watershed using temperature as a tracer
J. B. Shanley, N.E. Peters
1988, Journal of Contaminant Hydrology (3) 349-365
Variations in streamwater temperature at the outlet of a 41-ha forested watershed at Panola Mountain in the Georgia Piedmont indicate that the initial rapid hydrologic response is caused by a combination of groundwater discharge and channel interception of rainwater. A storm in May 1986 caused a rapid increase in discharge...
Geochemistry of some gases in hydrothermal fluids from the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge
William C. Evans, L. D. White, J. B. Rapp
1988, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (93) 15305-15313
Five samples of hydrothermal fluids from two vent areas on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge were analyzed for dissolved gases. Concentrations in the end-member hydrothermal fluid of H2 (270–527 μmol/kg), CH4 (82–118 μmol/kg), and CO2 (3920–4460 μmol/kg) are well above values in ambient seawater and are similar to concentrations reported for other...
Deuterium in interstitial water from deep-sea cores
I. Friedman, K. Hardcastle
1988, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (93) 8249-8263
As part of the Joint Oceanographic Institutions Deep Earth Sampling project, the interstitial waters of cores from 69 holes were sampled for deuterium analysis. Sixteen of the cores penetrated sediments as old as Eocene, and several sampled Cretaceous sediments, which allowed us to examine changes in the deuterium content of...
Effects of three-dimensional velocity structure on the seismicity of the 1984 Morgan Hill, California, aftershock sequence
A.J. Michael
1988, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (78) 1199-1221
A three-dimensional velocity model for the area surrounding the 24 April 1984 Morgan Hill earthquake has been developed by simultaneously inverting local earthquake and refraction arrival-time data. This velocity model corresponds well to the surface geology of the region, predominantly showing a low-velocity region associated with the sedimentary sequence to...
Three-dimensional P velocity structure of the crust below Newberry Volcano, Oregon
D.A. Stauber, S.M. Green, H. M. Iyer
1988, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (93) 10095-10107
Utilizing teleseismic P residuals, we have detected a column of high P velocity material extending from within 10 km of the surface below the summit of Newberry Volcano, Oregon, to midcrustal depths near 25 km. We interpret this column to be the expression of a swarm of predominantly subsolidus gabbroic sills and dikes which...
On the state of lithospheric stress in the absence of applied tectonic forces
Art McGarr
1988, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (93) 13609-13617
Numerous published analyses of the nontectonic state of stress are based on Hooke's law and the boundary condition of zero horizontal deformation. This approach has been used to determine the gravitational stress state as well as the effects of processes such as erosion and temperature changes on the state of...
Paleomagnetic investigation of some volcanic rocks from the McMurdo volcanic province, Antarctica
E. A. Mankinen, A. Cox
1988, Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth (93) 11599-11612
Paleomagnetic data for lava flows from sporadic but long-lived eruptions in the McMurdo Sound region are combined with previously published geologic and geochronologic data to determine the general eruptive sequence of the area. Lava flows in the Walcott Bay area were erupted during the Gauss Normal, Matuyama Reversed, and Brunhes...
Major- and minor-metal composition of three distinct solid material fractions associated with Juan de Fuca hydrothermal fluids (northeast Pacific), and calculation of dilution fluid samples
T. K. Hinkley, J. L. Seeley, M. Tatsumoto
1988, Chemical Geology (70) 235-248
Three distinct types of solid material are associated with each sample of the hydrothermal fluid that was collected from the vents of the Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge. The solid materials appear to be representative of deposits on ocean floors near mid-ocean ridges, and interpretation of the chemistry of the...
