Magma degassing triggered by static decompression at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i
Michael P. Poland, Sutton A. Jeff, Terrence M. Gerlach
2009, Geophysical Research Letters (36)
During mid-June 2007, the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, deflated rapidly as magma drained from the subsurface to feed an east rift zone intrusion and eruption. Coincident with the deflation, summit SO2 emission rates rose by a factor of four before decaying to background levels over several weeks. We propose...
Assessment tools for urban catchments: developing biological indicators based on benthic macroinvertebrates
A.H. Purcell, D.W. Bressler, M.J. Paul, M.T. Barbour, E.T. Rankin, J.L. Carter, V.H. Resh
2009, Journal of the American Water Resources Association (45) 306-319
Biological indicators, particularly benthic macroinvertebrates, are widely used and effective measures of the impact of urbanization on stream ecosystems. A multimetric biological index of urbanization was developed using a large benthic macroinvertebrate dataset (n = 1,835) from the Baltimore, Maryland, metropolitan area and then validated with datasets from Cleveland, Ohio...
Salinity effects on behavioural response to hypoxia in the non-native Mayan cichlid Cichlasoma urophthalmus from Florida Everglades wetlands
P. J. Schofield, W.F. Loftus, J.A. Fontaine
2009, Journal of Fish Biology (74) 1245-1258
This study quantified the hypoxia tolerance of the Mayan cichlid Cichlasoma urophthalmus over a range of salinities. The species was very tolerant of hypoxia, using aquatic surface respiration (ASR) and buccal bubble holding when oxygen tensions dropped to <20 mmHg (c. 1??0 mg l-1) and 6 mmHg, respectively. Salinity had...
Strong Motion Instrumentation of Seismically-Strengthened Port Structures in California by CSMIP
M.J. Huang, A.F. Shakal
2009, Conference Paper, TCLEE 2009: Lifeline Earthquake Engineering in a Multihazard Environment
The California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program (CSMIP) has instrumented five port structures. Instrumentation of two more port structures is underway and another one is in planning. Two of the port structures have been seismically strengthened. The primary goals of the strong motion instrumentation are to obtain strong earthquake shaking data...
Integrating scientific knowledge into large-scale restoration programs: the CALFED Bay-Delta Program experience
Kimberly A. Taylor, A. Short
2009, Environmental Science and Policy (12) 674-683
Integrating science into resource management activities is a goal of the CALFED Bay-Delta Program, a multi-agency effort to address water supply reliability, ecological condition, drinking water quality, and levees in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of northern California. Under CALFED, many different strategies were used to integrate science, including interaction between...
Impacts of episodic acidification on in-stream survival and physiological impairment of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts
S. D. McCormick, A. Keyes, K.H. Nislow, M.Y. Monette
2009, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (66) 394-403
We conducted field studies to determine the levels of acid and aluminum (Al) that affect survival, smolt development, ion homeostasis, and stress in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts in restoration streams of the Connecticut River in southern Vermont, USA. Fish were held in cages in five streams encompassing a wide...
Comparison of recharge estimates at a small watershed in east-central Pennsylvania, USA
D. W. Risser, W.J. Gburek, G.J. Folmar
2009, Hydrogeology Journal (17) 287-298
The common recommendation that recharge should be estimated from multiple methods is sound, but the inherent differences of the methods make it difficult to assess the accuracy of differing results. In this study, four methods for estimating groundwater recharge and two methods for estimating base flow (as a proxy for...
Shoreline features of Titan's Ontario Lacus from Cassini/VIMS observations
J. W. Barnes, R. H. Brown, J.M. Soderblom, L.A. Soderblom, R. Jaumann, B. Jackson, Stéphane Le Mouélic, Christophe Sotin, B. J. Buratti, K.M. Pitman, K. H. Baines, R. N. Clark, P. D. Nicholson, E. P. Turtle, J. Perry
2009, Icarus (201) 217-225
We analyze observations of Titan's south polar lake Ontario Lacus obtained by Cassini's Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer during the 38th flyby of Titan (T38; 2007 December 5). These near-closest-approach observations have the highest signal-to-noise, the finest spatial resolution, and the least atmospheric influence of any near-infrared lake observation to...
Estimating the encounter rate variance in distance sampling
R.M. Fewster, S.T. Buckland, K.P. Burnham, D.L. Borchers, P.E. Jupp, J.L. Laake, L. Thomas
2009, Biometrics (65) 225-236
The dominant source of variance in line transect sampling is usually the encounter rate variance. Systematic survey designs are often used to reduce the true variability among different realizations of the design, but estimating the variance is difficult and estimators typically approximate the variance by treating the design as a...
Simulating hydrologic and hydraulic processes throughout the Amazon River Basin
R.E. Beighley, K.G. Eggert, T. Dunne, Y. He, V. Gummadi, K.L. Verdin
2009, Hydrological Processes (23) 1221-1235
Presented here is a model framework based on a land surface topography that can be represented with various degrees of resolution and capable of providing representative channel/floodplain hydraulic characteristics on a daily to hourly scale. The framework integrates two models: (1) a water balance model (WBM) for the vertical fluxes...
Body size and predatory performance in wolves: Is bigger better?
D.R. MacNulty, D.W. Smith, L.D. Mech, L.E. Eberly
2009, Journal of Animal Ecology (78) 532-539
Large body size hinders locomotor performance in ways that may lead to trade-offs in predator foraging ability that limit the net predatory benefit of larger size. For example, size-related improvements in handling prey may come at the expense of pursuing prey and thus negate any enhancement in overall predatory performance...
Models of pure CO2 and pure CH4 adsorption on the late paleozoic coals from the Kailuan Coalfield, Hebei, China
S. Dai, B. Zhang, S. Peng, X. Zhang, C. Chou
2009, Acta Geologica Sinica (83) 731-737
Isothermal adsorption experiments of pure CO2 and CH4 on different coals in rank (the No. 11 Coal from the Linnancang Mine and the No. 9 Coal from the Majiagou Mine) from the Kailuan Coalfield of Hebei Province, China, have been studied. Four different models (Langmuir, BET, D-R, and D-A) were...
Improving the design of amphibian surveys using soil data: A case study in two wilderness areas
K.D. Bowen, E.A. Beever, U.B. Gafvert
2009, Natural Areas Journal (29) 117-125
Amphibian populations are known, or thought to be, declining worldwide. Although protected natural areas may act as reservoirs of biological integrity and serve as benchmarks for comparison with unprotected areas, they are not immune from population declines and extinctions and should be monitored. Unfortunately, identifying survey sites and performing long-term...
Bird-like anatomy, posture, and behavior revealed by an early jurassic theropod dinosaur resting trace
Andrew R.C. Milner, J.D. Harris, M.G. Lockley, J.I. Kirkland, N.A. Matthews
2009, PLoS ONE (4)
Background: Fossil tracks made by non-avian theropod dinosaurs commonly reflect the habitual bipedal stance retained in living birds. Only rarely-captured behaviors, such as crouching, might create impressions made by the hands. Such tracks provide valuable information concerning the often poorly understood functional morphology of the early theropod forelimb. Methodology/Principal Findings:...
Hydrologic characterization of desert soils with varying degrees of pedogenesis: 1. field experiments evaluating plant-relevant soil water behavior
John R. Nimmo, Kim S. Perkins, Kevin M. Schmidt, David M. Miller, Jonathan D. Stock, Kamini Singha
2009, Vadose Zone Journal (8) 480-495
To assess the eff ect of pedogenesis on the soil moisture dynamics infl uencing the character and quality of ecological habitat, we conducted infi ltration and redistribution experiments on three alluvial deposits in the Mojave National Preserve: (i) recently deposited active wash sediments, (ii) a soil of early Holocene age,...
Estimation of sediment sources using selected chemical tracers in the Perry lake basin, Kansas, USA
K. E. Juracek, A.C. Ziegler
2009, International Journal of Sediment Research (24) 108-125
The ability to achieve meaningful decreases in sediment loads to reservoirs requires a determination of the relative importance of sediment sources within the contributing basins. In an investigation of sources of fine-grained sediment (clay and silt) within the Perry Lake Basin in northeast Kansas, representative samples of channel-bank sources, surface-soil...
Anatomy of the dead sea transform from lithospheric to microscopic scale
M. Weber, K. Abu-Ayyash, A. Abueladas, A. Agnon, Z. Alasonati-Tasarova, H. Al-Zubi, A. Babeyko, Y. Bartov, K. Bauer, M. Becken, P. A. Bedrosian, Z. Ben-Avraham, G. Bock, M. Bohnhoff, J. Bribach, P. Dulski, J. Ebbing, R. El-Kelani, A. Forster, H.-J. Forster, U. Frieslander, Z. Garfunkel, H.J. Goetze, V. Haak, C. Haberland, M. Hassouneh, S. Helwig, A. Hofstetter, A. Hoffmann-Rotrie, K.H. Jackel, C. Janssen, D. Jaser, D. Kesten, M. Khatib, R. Kind, O. Koch, I. Koulakov, Gabi Laske, N. Maercklin, R. Masarweh, A. Masri, A. Matar, J. Mechie, N. Meqbel, B. Plessen, P. Moller, A. Mohsen, R. Oberhansli, S. Oreshin, A. Petrunin, I. Qabbani, I. Rabba, O. Ritter, R.L. Romer, G. Rumpker, M. Rybakov, T. Ryberg, J. Saul, F. Scherbaum, S. Schmidt, A. Schulze, S.V. Sobolev, M. Stiller, D. Stromeyer, K. Tarawneh, C. Trela, U. Weckmann, U. Wetzel, K. Wylegalla
2009, Reviews of Geophysics (47)
Fault zones are the locations where motion of tectonic plates, often associated with earthquakes, is accommodated. Despite a rapid increase in the understanding of faults in the last decades, our knowledge of their geometry, petrophysical properties, and controlling processes remains incomplete. The central questions addressed here in our study of...
International importance of the eastern Chukchi Sea as a staging area for migrating king eiders
S. Oppel, D. Lynne. Dickson, A.N. Powell
2009, Polar Biology (32) 775-783
The evaluation of habitats used by arctic birds on migration is crucial for their conservation. We explored the importance of the eastern Chukchi Sea (ECS) as a staging area for king eiders (Somateria spectabilis) migrating between breeding areas in Siberia and western North America and wintering areas in the Bering...
Habitat-specific breeder survival of Florida Scrub-Jays: Inferences from multistate models
D.R. Breininger, J.D. Nichols, G.M. Carter, D.M. Oddy
2009, Ecology (90) 3180-3189
Quantifying habitat-specific survival and changes in habitat quality within disturbance-prone habitats is critical for understanding population dynamics and variation in fitness, and for managing degraded ecosystems. We used 18 years of color-banding data and multistate capture-recapture models to test whether habitat quality within territories influences survival and detection probability of...
Toward immunogenetic studies of amphibian chytridiomycosis: Linking innate and acquired immunity
J.Q. Richmond, Anna E. Savage, Kelly R. Zamudio, E.B. Rosenblum
2009, BioScience (59) 311-320
Recent declines in amphibian diversity and abundance have contributed significantly to the global loss of biodiversity. The fungal disease chytridiomycosis is widely considered to be a primary cause of these declines, yet the critical question of why amphibian species differ in susceptibility remains unanswered. Considerable evidence links environmental conditions and...
Using the Sonoran Desert test site to monitor the long-term radiometric stability of the Landsat TM/ETM+ and Terra MODIS sensors
A. Angal, X. Xiong, T. Choi, G. Chander, A. Wu
2009, Conference Paper, Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering
Pseudo-invariant ground targets have been extensively used to monitor the long-term radiometric calibration stability of remote sensing instruments. The NASA MODIS Characterization Support Team (MCST), in collaboration with members from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, has previously demonstrated the use of pseudo-invariant ground...
Iron solubility driven by speciation in dust sources to the ocean
A.W. Schroth, John Crusius, E.R. Sholkovitz, B.C. Bostick
2009, Nature Geoscience (2) 337-340
Although abundant in the Earths crust, iron is present at trace concentrations in sea water and is a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton in approximately 40% of the ocean. Current literature suggests that aerosols are the primary external source of iron to offshore waters, yet controls on iron aerosol solubility remain...
Seamount characteristics and mine-site model applied to exploration- and mining-lease-block selection for cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts
James R. Hein, Tracey A. Conrad, Rachel E. Dunham
2009, Marine Georesources and Geotechnology (27) 160-176
Regulations are being developed through the International Seabed Authority (ISBA) for the exploration and mining of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts. This paper lays out geologic and geomorphologic criteria that can be used to determine the size and number of exploration and mine-site blocks that will be the focus of much discussion...
Investigating different mechanisms for biogenic selenite transformations: Geobacter sulfurreducens, Shewanella oneidensis and Veillonella atypica
C.I. Pearce, R.A.D. Pattrick, N. Law, J.M. Charnock, V.S. Coker, J.W. Fellowes, R.S. Oremland, J.R. Lloyd
2009, Environmental Technology (30) 1313-1326
The metal-reducing bacteria Geobacter sulfurreducens, Shewanella oneidensis and Veillonella atypica, use different mechanisms to transform toxic, bioavailable sodium selenite to less toxic, non-mobile elemental selenium and then to selenide in anaerobic environments, offering the potential for in situ and ex situ bioremediation of contaminated soils, sediments, industrial effluents, and agricultural...
Metal stable isotopes in low-temperature systems: A primer
T.D. Bullen, A. Eisenhauer
2009, Elements (5) 349-352
Recent advances in mass spectrometry have allowed isotope scientists to precisely determine stable isotope variations in the metallic elements. Biologically infl uenced and truly inorganic isotope fractionation processes have been demonstrated over the mass range of metals. This Elements issue provides an overview of the application of metal stable isotopes...
