A lognormal distribution of metal resources
Donald A. Singer
2011, Diqiu Kexue - Zhongguo Dizhi Daxue Xuebao/Earth Science - Journal of China University of Geosciences (36) 201-208
For national or global resource estimation of frequencies of metals, a lognormal distribution has commonly been recommended but not adequately tested. Tests of frequencies of Cu, Zn, Pb, Ag, and Au contents of 1 984 well-explored mineral deposits display a poor fit to the lognormal distribution. When the same metals...
Vegetation death and rapid loss of surface elevation in two contrasting Mississippi delta salt marshes: The role of sedimentation, autocompaction and sea-level rise
J.W. Day, G.P. Kemp, D.J. Reed, Donald R. Cahoon, R.M. Boumans, J.M. Suhayda, R. Gambrell
2011, Ecological Engineering (37) 229-240
From 1990 to 2004, we carried out a study on accretionary dynamics and wetland loss in salt marshes surrounding two small ponds in the Mississippi delta; Old Oyster Bayou (OB), a sediment-rich area near the mouth of the Atchafalaya River and Bayou Chitigue (BC), a sediment-poor area about 70 km to the east. The OB site was...
Examination of core samples from the Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well, Alaska North Slope: Effects of retrieval and preservation
T.J. Kneafsey, H. Lu, W. Winters, R. Boswell, R. Hunter, T. S. Collett
2011, Marine and Petroleum Geology (28) 381-393
Collecting and preserving undamaged core samples containing gas hydrates from depth is difficult because of the pressure and temperature changes encountered upon retrieval. Hydrate-bearing core samples were collected at the BPXA-DOE-USGS Mount Elbert Gas Hydrate Stratigraphic Test Well in February 2007. Coring was performed while using a custom oil-based drilling...
Are soils of Iowa USA currently a carbon sink or source? Simulated changes in SOC stock from 1972 to 2007
Shuguang Liu, Z. Tan, Z. Li, S. Zhao, W. Yuan
2011, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment (140) 106-112
Upscaling the spatial and temporal changes in carbon (C) stocks and fluxes from sites to regions is a critical and challenging step toward improving our understanding of the dynamics of C sources and sinks over large areas. This study simulated soil organic C (SOC) dynamics within 0–100 cm depth of soils...
Sensitivity of Pliocene ice sheets to orbital forcing
A.M. Dolan, A.M. Haywood, D.J. Hill, H.J. Dowsett, S.J. Hunter, D.J. Lunt, S.J. Pickering
2011, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (309) 98-110
The stability of the Earth's major ice sheets is a critical uncertainty in predictions of future climate and sea level change. One method of investigating the behaviour of the Greenland and the Antarctic ice sheets in a warmer-than-modern climate is to look back at past warm periods of Earth history,...
Fe-Ni metal and sulfide minerals in CM chondrites: An indicator for thermal history
M. Kimura, Jeffrey N. Grossman, M.K. Weisberg
2011, Meteoritics and Planetary Science (46) 431-442
CM chondrites were subjected to aqueous alteration and, in some cases, to secondary metamorphic heating. The effects of these processes vary widely, and have mainly been documented in silicate phases. Herein, we report the characteristic features of Fe‐Ni metal and sulfide phases in 13 CM and 2 CM‐related chondrites to...
Microbial community structure of hydrothermal deposits from geochemically different vent fields along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Gilberto E. Flores, James H. Campbell, Julie D. Kirshtein, Jennifer Meneghin, Mircea Podar, Joshua I. Steinberg, Jeffrey S. Seewald, Margaret Kingston Tivey, Mary A. Voytek, Zamin K. Yang, Anna-Louise Reysenbach
2011, Environmental Microbiology (13) 2158-2171
To evaluate the effects of local fluid geochemistry on microbial communities associated with active hydrothermal vent deposits, we examined the archaeal and bacterial communities of 12 samples collected from two very different vent fields: the basalt-hosted Lucky Strike (37°17'N, 32°16.3'W, depth 1600-1750m) and the ultramafic-hosted Rainbow (36°13'N, 33°54.1'W, depth 2270-2330m)...
Columnar jointing in vapor-phase-altered, non-welded Cerro Galán Ignimbrite, Paycuqui, Argentina
Heather M. Wright, Chiara Lesti, Ray A.F. Cas, Massimiliano Porreca, Jose G. Viramonte, Christopher B. Folkes, Guido Giordano
2011, Bulletin of Volcanology (73) 1567-1582
Columnar jointing is thought to occur primarily in lavas and welded pyroclastic flow deposits. However, the non-welded Cerro Galán Ignimbrite at Paycuqui, Argentina, contains well-developed columnar joints that are instead due to high-temperature vapor-phase alteration of the deposit, where devitrification and vapor-phase crystallization have increased the density and cohesion of...
Epistemic uncertainty in the location and magnitude of earthquakes in Italy from Macroseismic data
W. H. Bakun, Capera A. Gomez, M. Stucchi
2011, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America (101) 2712-2725
Three independent techniques (Bakun and Wentworth, 1997; Boxer from Gasperini et al., 1999; and Macroseismic Estimation of Earthquake Parameters [MEEP; see Data and Resources section, deliverable D3] from R.M.W. Musson and M.J. Jimenez) have been proposed for estimating an earthquake location and magnitude from intensity data alone. The locations and...
Isotopic evolution of the idaho batholith and Challis intrusive province, Northern US Cordillera
Richard M. Gaschnig, J.D. Vervoort, R. S. Lewis, B. Tikoff
2011, Journal of Petrology (52) 2397-2429
The Idaho batholith and spatially overlapping Challis intrusive province in the North American Cordillera have a history of magmatism spanning some 55 Myr. New isotopic data from the ∼98 Ma to 54 Ma Idaho batholith and ∼51 Ma to 43 Ma Challis intrusions, coupled with recent geochronological work, provide insights...
Proactive conservation management of an island-endemic bird species in the face of global change
S.A. Morrison, T. Scott Sillett, Cameron K. Ghalambor, J.W. Fitzpatrick, D.M. Graber, V.J. Bakker, R. Bowman, C.T. Collins, P.W. Collins, K.S. Delaney, D.F. Doak, Walter D. Koenig, L. Laughrin, A.A. Lieberman, J.M. Marzluff, M.D. Reynolds, J. M. Scott, J.A. Stallcup, W. Vickers, W.M. Boyce
2011, BioScience (61) 1013-1021
Biodiversity conservation in an era of global change and scarce funding benefits from approaches that simultaneously solve multiple problems. Here, we discuss conservation management of the island scrub-jay (Aphelocoma insularis), the only island-endemic passerine species in the continental United States, which is currently restricted to 250-square-kilometer Santa Cruz Island, California....
Continuous salinity and temperature data from San Francisco estuary, 1982-2002: Trends and the salinity-freshwater inflow relationship
Gregory Shellenbarger, David H. Schoellhamer
2011, Journal of Coastal Research (27) 1191-1201
The U.S. Geological Survey and other federal and state agencies have been collecting continuous temperature and salinity data, two critical estuarine habitat variables, throughout San Francisco estuary for over two decades. Although this dynamic, highly variable system has been well studied, many questions remain relating to the effects of freshwater...
Grassland bird use of oak barrens and dry prairies in Wisconsin
Susan M. Vos, Christine A. Ribic
2011, Natural Areas Journal (31) 26-33
Grassland bird populations have declined more than any other group of birds in North America and are of conservation concern to state and federal agencies. We determined relative abundances of grassland birds in oak barrens and dry sand prairies—native habitat types rare in the state of Wisconsin. We also investigated...
Correlation between deep fluids, tremor and creep along the central San Andreas fault
M. Becken, O. Ritter, P. A. Bedrosian, U. Weckmann
2011, Nature (480) 87-90
The seismicity pattern along the San Andreas fault near Parkfield and Cholame, California, varies distinctly over a length of only fifty kilometres. Within the brittle crust, the presence of frictionally weak minerals, fault-weakening high fluid pressures and chemical weakening are considered possible causes of an anomalously weak fault northwest of...
Mysis diluviana population and cohort dynamics in Lake Ontario before and after the establishment of Dreissena spp., Cercopagis pengoi, and Bythotrephes longimanus
Ora E. Johannsson, Kelly L. Bowen, Kristen T. Holeck, Maureen G. Walsh
2011, Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (68) 795-811
We investigated population responses of Mysis to ecosystem changes induced by invasion of dreissenids and predatory cladocerans, Cercopagis and Bythotrephes. Lake productivity declined as dreissenids invaded the offshore region. Whole-lake mysid biomass was compared before (early 1990s) and after (2002–2007) the invasion period; it declined 40%–45%. Abundance of young mysids...
Microbial survival in the stratosphere and implications for global dispersal
David J. Smith, Dale W. Griffin, Richard D. McPeters, Peter D. Ward, Andrew C. Schuerger
2011, Aerobiologia (27) 319-332
Spores of Bacillus subtilis were exposed to a series of stratosphere simulations. In total, five distinct treatments measured the effect of reduced pressure, low temperature, high desiccation, and intense ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on stratosphereisolated and ground-isolated B. subtilis strains. Environmental conditions were based on springtime data from a mid-latitude region...
Analytical model for screening potential CO2 repositories
R.T. Okwen, M.T. Stewart, J.A. Cunningham
2011, Computational Geosciences (15) 755-770
Assessing potential repositories for geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide using numerical models can be complicated, costly, and time-consuming, especially when faced with the challenge of selecting a repository from a multitude of potential repositories. This paper presents a set of simple analytical equations (model), based on the work of previous...
Depositional and diagenetic variability within the Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone: Implications for carbon dioxide sequestration
B.B. Bowen, R.I. Ochoa, N.D. Wilkens, J. Brophy, T.R. Lovell, N. Fischietto, C.R. Medina, J.A. Rupp
2011, Environmental Geosciences (18) 69-89
The Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone is the major target reservoir for ongoing geologic carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration demonstrations throughout the midwest United States. The potential CO2 reservoir capacity, reactivity, and ultimate fate of injected CO2 depend on textural and compositional properties determined by depositional and diagenetic histories that vary vertically and laterally...
Projecting avian response to linked changes in groundwater and riparian floodplain vegetation along a dryland river: A scenario analysis
Brand L. Arriana, J.C. Stromberg, D.C. Goodrich, M.D. Dixon, K. Lansey, D. Kang, D.S. Brookshire, D.J. Cerasale
2011, Ecohydrology (4) 130-142
Groundwater is a key driver of riparian condition on dryland rivers but is in high demand for municipal, industrial, and agricultural uses. Approaches are needed to guide decisions that balance human water needs while conserving riparian ecosystems. We developed a space‐for‐time substitution model that links groundwater change scenarios implemented within...
Characterization of winter foraging locations of Adélie penguins along the Western Antarctic Peninsula, 2001–2002
Eric S. Erdmann, Christine Ribic, Donna L. Patterson-Fraser, William R. Fraser
2011, Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography (58) 1710-1718
In accord with the hypotheses driving the Southern Ocean Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics (SO GLOBEC) program, we tested the hypothesis that the winter foraging ecology of a major top predator in waters off the Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), the Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae), is constrained by oceanographic features related to...
The dynamical core, physical parameterizations, and basic simulation characteristics of the atmospheric component AM3 of the GFDL global coupled model CM3
L.J. Donner, B.L. Wyman, R.S. Hemler, L.W. Horowitz, Y. Ming, M. Zhao, J.-C. Golaz, P. Ginoux, S.-J. Lin, M.D. Schwarzkopf, J. Austin, G. Alaka, W.F. Cooke, T.L. Delworth, S.M. Freidenreich, C.T. Gordon, S.M. Griffies, I.M. Held, W.J. Hurlin, S.A. Klein, T.R. Knutson, A.R. Langenhorst, H.-C. Lee, Y. Lin, B.I. Magi, S.L. Malyshev, Paul Milly, V. Naik, M.J. Nath, R. Pincus, J.J. Ploshay, V. Ramaswamy, C.J. Seman, E. Shevliakova, J.J. Sirutis, W.F. Stern, R.J. Stouffer, R.J. Wilson, M. Winton, A.T. Wittenberg, F. Zeng
2011, Journal of Climate (24) 3484-3519
The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) has developed a coupled general circulation model (CM3) for the atmosphere, oceans, land, and sea ice. The goal of CM3 is to address emerging issues in climate change, including aerosol–cloud interactions, chemistry–climate interactions, and coupling between the troposphere and stratosphere. The model is also...
Long-term patterns and short-term dynamics of stream solutes and suspended sediment in a rapidly weathering tropical watershed
James B. Shanley, W. H. McDowell, Robert F. Stallard
2011, Water Resources Research (47)
The 326 ha Río Icacos watershed in the tropical wet forest of the Luquillo Mountains, northeastern Puerto Rico, is underlain by granodiorite bedrock with weathering rates among the highest in the world. We pooled stream chemistry and total suspended sediment (TSS) data sets from three discrete periods: 1983–1987, 1991–1997, and...
SPECTRAL data-based estimation of soil heat flux
Ramesh K. Singh, A. Irmak, Elizabeth Walter-Shea, S.B. Verma, A.E. Suyker
2011, Transactions of the ASABE (54) 1589-1597
Numerous existing spectral-based soil heat flux (G) models have shown wide variation in performance for maize and soybean cropping systems in Nebraska, indicating the need for localized calibration and model development. The objectives of this article are to develop a semi-empirical model to estimate G from a normalized difference vegetation...
Magnetic susceptibility as a proxy for investigating microbially mediated iron reduction
F.M. Mewafy, E.A. Atekwana, D.D. Werkema, L.D. Slater, D. Ntarlagiannis, A. Revil, M. Skold, Geoffrey N. Delin
2011, Geophysical Research Letters (38)
We investigated magnetic susceptibility (MS) variations in hydrocarbon contaminated sediments. Our objective was to determine if MS can be used as an intrinsic bioremediation indicator due to the activity of iron-reducing bacteria. A contaminated and an uncontaminated core were retrieved from a site contaminated with crude oil near Bemidji, Minnesota...
The black carp in North America: an update
Leo G. Nico, Howard L. Jelks
2011, Conference Paper, Invasive asian carps in North America: American Fisheries Symposium 74
No abstract available....
